{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T03:02:03Z","timestamp":1793674923289,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The management of an episode of corneal graft rejection (CGR) is primarily by corticosteroids. Immunomodulators are useful for long-term immunosuppression and in dealing with cases of high-risk (HR) corneal grafts. The classical signs of CGR following penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) include rejection line, anterior chamber (AC) reaction, and graft edema. However, these signs may be absent or subtle in cases of endothelial keratoplasty (EK). Prevention of an episode of graft rejection is of utmost importance as it can reduce the need for donor cornea significantly. In our previous article (IJO_2866_22), we had discussed about the immunopathogenesis of CGR. In this review article, we aim to discuss the various clinical aspects and management of CGR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_228_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T07:55:00Z","timestamp":1692604500000},"page":"3149-3159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Management and prevention of corneal graft rejection"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Sohini","family":"Mandal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prafulla K","family":"Maharana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luci","family":"Kaweri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant, Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed I","family":"Asif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant, Eye7 Chaudhary Eye Centre, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritu","family":"Nagpal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namrata","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181a2a7a6","article-title":"Ten-year follow-up of graft survival and visual outcome after penetrating keratoplasty in Sweden","volume":"28","author":"Claesson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"R2-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.09.027","article-title":"Long-term rejection incidence and reversibility after penetrating and lamellar keratoplasty","volume":"155","author":"Guilbert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)91030-2","article-title":"Ten-year postoperative results of penetrating keratoplasty","volume":"105","author":"Ing","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R4-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.5694\/mja12.11584","article-title":"The influence of Australian eye banking practices on corneal graft survival","volume":"199","author":"Keane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"R5-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2007.08.020","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors for corneal graft rejection","volume":"39","author":"Sellami","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"R6-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181903b0a","article-title":"Risk factors for human corneal graft failure within the Australian corneal graft registry","volume":"86","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"R7-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2012-301828","article-title":"The changing face of corneal graft rejection","volume":"96","author":"Faraj","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R8-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.09.045","article-title":"Corneal endothelium and postoperative outcomes 15 years after penetrating keratoplasty","volume":"139","author":"Patel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R9-20251008","first-page":"1392","article-title":"Effectiveness of histocompatibility matching in high-risk corneal transplantation","volume":"110","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Collaborative Corneal Transplantation Studies Research Group. 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