{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T14:28:36Z","timestamp":1793456916183,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sympathetic ophthalmia is a rare, bilateral, granulomatous, panuveitis following penetrating trauma or surgery to one eye. Clinical presentation commonly occurs within the first year of trauma occurrence but can be delayed by several years. It manifests as acute\/chronic granulomatous uveitis with yellowish-white choroidal lesions or Dalen\u2013Fuchs nodules. Initially, patients respond rapidly to corticosteroid therapy, but a majority require long-term use of corticosteroid-sparing agents to prevent recurrences. The purpose of this review is to elaborate on the current understanding of the pathophysiology, the importance of multimodal imaging in early diagnosis, and the role of newer immunomodulatory and biological agents in recalcitrant cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_2363_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T07:18:21Z","timestamp":1654067901000},"page":"1931-1944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Sympathetic ophthalmia: A comprehensive update"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Swapnil","family":"Parchand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vitreo-retina and Uvea Services, MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepshikha","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cornea and Anterior segment Services, MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikitha","family":"Ayyadurai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Advanced Eye Center, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aniruddha","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Abu Dhabi (CCAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Gangwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vitreo-retina and Uvea Services, MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shashwat","family":"Behera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vitreo-retina and Uvea Services, MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyavat","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Retina and Uvea Services, Sadguru Netra Chikitsalaya, Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samyak","family":"Mulkutkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, PD Hinduja Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulshan","family":"Barwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vitreo-retina and Uvea Services, MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramandeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Advanced Eye Center, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alok","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Retina and Uvea Services, Sadguru Netra Chikitsalaya, Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manisha","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Uvea Services, Dr Shroff\u2019s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(89)90125-2","article-title":"A historical review of sympathetic ophthalmia and its epidemiology","volume":"34","author":"Albert","year":"1989","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-20251004","first-page":"1","article-title":"Zur Kenntnis der sogenannten Choroiditis sympathetica. Mitt Augen Klin Carolin Med","volume":"6","author":"Dalen","year":"1904","journal-title":"Chirurg Inst Stockholm"},{"key":"R4-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01969717","article-title":"On sympathetic inflammation (initially remarks on serous iritis)","volume":"61","author":"Fuchs","year":"1905","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clinical Exp Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R5-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01986363","article-title":"Studies on sympathetic ophthalmia, II:The antigenic effects of eye pigments","volume":"76","author":"Elschnig","year":"1910","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R6-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(85)34087-3","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia. An immunohistochemical study of epithelioid cells and giant cells","volume":"92","author":"Rao","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R7-20251004","first-page":"66","article-title":"Surgical cases admitted under Augustin Prichard, Esq, Surgeon to the Infirmary","volume":"15","author":"Prichard","year":"1851","journal-title":"Prov Med Surg J"},{"key":"R8-20251004","article-title":"Ueber sympathische ophthalmie","volume":"440","author":"Critchett","year":"1863","journal-title":"Klin Monatsbl Augenheikd 1 (Heidelberg Supplement)"},{"key":"R9-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(79)90018-3","article-title":"Recent advances in sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"23","author":"Marak","year":"1979","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R10-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.3.259","article-title":"Prospective surveillance of sympathetic ophthalmia in the UK and Republic of Ireland","volume":"84","author":"Kilmartin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R11-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(80)35270-6","article-title":"Sixty-five years of sympathetic ophthalmia:A clinicopathologic review of 105 cases (1913\u20131978)","volume":"87","author":"Lubin","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R12-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-017-0759-0","article-title":"Postsurgical sympathetic ophthalmia:Retrospective analysis of a rare entity","volume":"38","author":"Dutta Majumder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R13-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702927","article-title":"Posterior sympathetic ophthalmia:A single centre long-term study of 40 patients from North India","volume":"22","author":"Gupta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R14-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/08820538.2019.1610464","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia after vitreoretinal surgeries:Incidence, clinical presentations and outcomes of a rare disease","volume":"34","author":"Tyagi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R15-20251004","first-page":"44","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia after cyclocryotherapy of neovascular glaucoma without ocular penetration","volume":"24","author":"Harrison","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg"},{"key":"R16-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.3928\/1542-8877-19961201-11","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia following cyclocryotherapy with histopathologic correlation","volume":"27","author":"Biswas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers"},{"key":"R17-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157803","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/157803","article-title":"Gender differences in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease and sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"2014","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R18-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200104000-00008","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia associated with pars plana vitrectomy without antecedent penetrating trauma","volume":"21","author":"Pollack","year":"2001","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R19-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)77368-4","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia following vitrectomy","volume":"93","author":"Gass","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R20-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.5.448","article-title":"Commentary:Sympathetic opthalmia risk following vitrectomy:Should we counsel patients?","volume":"84","author":"Kilmartin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R21-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3109\/08820539409060013","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"9","author":"Sheppard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R22-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.10.047","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia following postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis:A clinicopathologic study","volume":"141","author":"Rathinam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R23-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(83)34602-9","article-title":"Human sympathetic ophthalmia. An analysis of the inflammatory infiltrate by hybridoma-monoclonal antibodies, immuno- chemistry, and correlative electron microscopy","volume":"90","author":"Jakobiec","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R24-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702342","article-title":"Expression of chemokines and gelatinase B in sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"21","author":"Abu El-Asrar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R25-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.69.3.197","article-title":"Morphological variation of Dalen-Fuchs nodules in sympathetic","volume":"69","author":"Reynard","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R26-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(90)32446-6","article-title":"HLA associations and ancestry in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease and sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"97","author":"Davis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R27-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.92111","article-title":"Update on sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"19","author":"Arevalo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R28-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1983.01040010104019","article-title":"The role of the penetrating wound in the development of sympathetic ophthalmia experimental observations","volume":"101","author":"Rao","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R29-20251004","first-page":"357","article-title":"Aetiology of sympathetic ophthalmitis","volume":"101","author":"Rao","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K"},{"key":"R31-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100050065032","article-title":"Thirty-two cases of sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"113","author":"Chan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R32-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-199030040-00014","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Goto","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"key":"R33-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1978.03910050125004","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia. A long-term follow-up","volume":"96","author":"Makley","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R34-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00161902","article-title":"Atypical histopathologic features in sympathetic ophthalmia. A study of a hundred cases","volume":"4","author":"Croxatto","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R35-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1076\/ocii.11.1.61.15581","article-title":"Peripapillary choroidal atrophy in sympathetic ophthalmia and management with triple-agent immunosuppression","volume":"11","author":"Ganesh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R36-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/08820530500232100","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"20","author":"Damico","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R37-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2004.00876.x","article-title":"Changing trends in sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"32","author":"Vote","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R38-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-008-0939-8","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"247","author":"Castiblanco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R39-20251004","first-page":"506","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia simulating Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada's disease:A clinico-pathologic study of four cases","volume":"27","author":"Rao","year":"1983","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R40-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.04.013","article-title":"Immunopathology of progressive subretinal fibrosis:Variant of sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"138","author":"Lim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R41-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2017.1291841","article-title":"Lymphocytic meningitis in patients with sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"25","author":"Goudot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R42-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700423","article-title":"Central serous retinopathy masquerading as sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"17","author":"Tandon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"R43-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-200207000-00019","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"42","author":"Chu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"key":"R44-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01108-9","article-title":"Progressive subretinal fibrosis and blindness associated with multifocal granulomatous chorioretinitis:A variant of sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"109","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R45-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/IIO.0b013e318265d5c7","article-title":"Imaging for sympathetic ophthalmia:Impact on the diagnosis and management","volume":"52","author":"Castiblanco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"key":"R46-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2016.1255339","article-title":"Multimodal imaging in sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"25","author":"Mahajan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R47-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.52","article-title":"Multiple serous retinal detachments seen on wide-field imaging in a patient with sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"132","author":"Burkholder","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R48-20251004","first-page":"263","article-title":"Sympathetic uveitis after trauma and vitrectomy","volume":"96","author":"Lewis","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol Chic Ill 1960"},{"key":"R49-20251004","first-page":"232","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia. Histopathologic and fluorescein angiographic correlation","volume":"102","author":"Sharp","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol Chic Ill 1960"},{"key":"R50-20251004","first-page":"1568","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia and indocyanine green angiography","volume":"122","author":"Saatci","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol Chic Ill 1960"},{"key":"R51-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s004170050134","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiographic findings in sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"236","author":"Bernasconi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R52-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2012.682637","article-title":"Multimodality diagnostic imaging in a case of sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"20","author":"Fleischman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R53-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-011-9432-1","article-title":"Reversible retinal changes in the acute stage of sympathetic ophthalmia seen on spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"31","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R54-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-015-0058-6","article-title":"Enhanced depth imaging OCT (EDI-OCT) findings in acute phase of sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"35","author":"Behdad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R55-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002914","article-title":"Bacillary layer detachment in acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease:A novel swept-source optical coherence tomography analysis","volume":"41","author":"Agarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Retina Phila Pa"},{"key":"R56-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2019.1685110","article-title":"Choroidal structural changes in sympathetic ophthalmia on swept-source optical coherence tomography","volume":"29","author":"Agrawal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R57-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20180831-13","article-title":"Treatment response in sympathetic ophthalmia as assessed by widefield OCT angiography","volume":"49","author":"Brar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"R58-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-018-0155-6","article-title":"An update on inflammatory choroidal neovascularization:Epidemiology, multimodal imaging, and management","volume":"8","author":"Agarwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"key":"R59-20251004","first-page":"312","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography in eyes with non-infectious posterior uveitis;Some practical aspects","volume":"8","author":"Karti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R60-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_893_18","article-title":"Choroidal biomarkers","volume":"66","author":"Pichi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R61-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19970301-16","article-title":"Steroid-pulse therapy may suppress inflammation in severe sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"34","author":"Hebestreit","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"R62-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1869-5760-3-49","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia:To the twenty-first century and beyond","volume":"3","author":"Chu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"key":"R63-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672120977359","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia:Report of a case series and comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R64-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20200219-01","article-title":"Pediatric sympathetic ophthalmia:20 years of data from a tertiary eye center in India","volume":"57","author":"Dutta Majumder","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"R65-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2018.1517894","article-title":"Analysis of 130 cases of sympathetic ophthalmia-A retrospective multicenter case series","volume":"27","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R66-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160818778","article-title":"New immunosuppressive therapies in uveitis treatment","volume":"16","author":"M\u00e9rida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R67-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200602000-00029","article-title":"Rapid recovery of sympathetic ophthalmia with treatment augmented by intravitreal steroids","volume":"26","author":"Chan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R68-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00899-7","article-title":"Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for treatment of sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"137","author":"Jonas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R69-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-004-1064-y","article-title":"Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"243","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2005","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R70-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2005.00634.x","article-title":"Repeated intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for chronic sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"84","author":"Jonas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"R71-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-019-00209-w","article-title":"sustained control from recurring non-infectious uveitic macular edema with 0.19 mg fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant-A case report","volume":"8","author":"Meira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"R72-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.4274\/tjo.09076","article-title":"Intravitreal aflibercept as an adjunct to systemic therapy in a case of choroidal neovascular membrane associated with sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"48","author":"Saat\u00e7i","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R73-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.426","article-title":"Adalimumab for pediatric sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"132","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R74-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.358","article-title":"Successful treatment of refractory sympathetic ophthalmia in a child with infliximab","volume":"129","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R75-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2012.02.026","article-title":"Bilateral uveitis after phakic intraocular lens implantation and management with adalimumab","volume":"38","author":"Soheilian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"R76-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001690","article-title":"Twenty-four month follow up of tocilizumab therapy for refractory uveitis-related macular edema","volume":"38","author":"Mesquida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R77-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(74)90616-3","article-title":"Cataract extraction in a sympathizing eye","volume":"77","author":"Henkind","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R78-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-4182(00)80106-4","article-title":"Cataract extraction by phacoemulsification in a sympathizing eye","volume":"35","author":"Angelis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R79-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1983.01040020703006","article-title":"Cataract extraction in the sympathising eye","volume":"101","author":"Raynard","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R80-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.06.018","article-title":"Outcomes of cataract surgery in patients with uveitis:A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"158","author":"Mehta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R81-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2013.822087","article-title":"Intraoperative dexamethasone implant in uveitis patients with cataract undergoing phacoemulsification","volume":"21","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R82-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-200010000-00015","article-title":"Enucleation, evisceration, and sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"11","author":"Bilyk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R83-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.07.024","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia:What have we learned?","volume":"148","author":"Sen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R84-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S108901","article-title":"Risk factors for poor outcomes in patients with open-globe injuries","volume":"10","author":"Page","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R85-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1076\/ocii.10.3.223.15600","article-title":"Incidence of sympathetic ophthalmia after penetrating eye injury and choice of treatment","volume":"10","author":"G\u00fcrdal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R86-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.10.017","article-title":"Enucleation for open globe injury","volume":"147","author":"Savar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R87-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.120600","article-title":"The risk of sympathetic ophthalmia following evisceration for penetrating eye injuries at Groote Schuur Hospital","volume":"92","author":"du Toit","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R88-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3109\/01676830.2013.764452","article-title":"Enucleation versus evisceration in ocular trauma:A retrospective review and study of current literature","volume":"32","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"R89-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/00002341-199901000-00003","article-title":"The 1998 Wendell Hughes lecture. Evisceration:Is sympathetic ophthalmia a concern in the new millennium?","volume":"15","author":"Levine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R90-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-199606000-00007","article-title":"Visual prognosis and sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"7","author":"Ramadan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R91-20251004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1990.tb01920.x","article-title":"Pathological findings in eyes enucleated because of perforating injury","volume":"68","author":"Punnonen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2363_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:52:06Z","timestamp":1786647126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2363_21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_2363_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-09-09","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-12-07","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}