{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T14:30:46Z","timestamp":1793457046770,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine prevalence, symptoms frequency and associated risk factors of digital eye strain (DES) among children attending online classes during COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The online electronic survey form was prepared on the Google app. Children\/parents were asked to indicate the total duration of digital device use before and during COVID era. The symptoms of DES, its severity and frequency were recorded &amp; measured with the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two hundred and sixty one parents responded to the questionnaire, of these 217 were complete. Mean age of children was 13 \u00b1 2.45 years. Mean duration of digital device used during COVID era was 3.9 \u00b1 1.9 h which is more than pre COVID era (1.9 \u00b1 1.1 h,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = &lt;0.0001). 36.9% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 80) were using digital devices &gt;5 h in COVID era as compared to 1.8% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 4) before COVID era. The most common digital device used were smartphones (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 134, 61.7%). One hundred and eight children (49.8%) were attending online classes for &gt;2 h per day. Prevalence of DES in our cohort is 50.23% (109\/217). Of these 26.3% were mild, 12.9% moderate and 11.1% of severe grade. Most common symptoms were itching and headache (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 117, 53.9%). Multivariate analysis revealed age &gt;14 years (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.04), male gender (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0004), smartphone use (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.003), use of device &gt;5 h (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0007) and mobile games &gt;1 h\/day (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0001) as independent risk factors for DES in children.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is an increased prevalence of DES among children in COVID era. Parents should be considerate about duration, type and distance of digital device use to avoid DES symptoms in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_2535_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T08:27:00Z","timestamp":1608020820000},"page":"140-144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":209,"title":["Prevalence and risk factor assessment of digital eye strain among children using online e-learning during the COVID-19 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