{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T18:29:37Z","timestamp":1793730577556,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"\n Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the predictive value of indocyanine green angiography (ICGA)-based gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) texture analysis for anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment response in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n This retrospective study included 135 CSC patients. Pretreatment ICGA images were obtained at four timepoints (30 seconds, 3 minutes, 10 minutes, and 15 minutes post-dye injection), and GLCM texture analysis was performed to quantify contrast, inverse difference moment (IDM), and entropy within a 6-mm macular region. ICGA staining heterogeneity was assessed across timepoints. Choriocapillaris flow deficit (CCFD), small vessel flow signal (SVFS), and Sattler\u2019s layer flow were evaluated by optical coherence tomography angiography and correlated with texture features.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Among 135 eyes, 68 were good responders and 67 were poor responders. In the 10- and 15-minute phases, poor responders showed significantly higher contrast and entropy and lower IDM than good responders (all\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.005). Mid-late phase entropy (15 min) showed the highest predictive value (AUC = 0.72) and correlated with CCFD + SVFS at 31 \u03bcm beneath Bruch\u2019s membrane (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.04).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n ICGA texture heterogeneity in the mid-late phase, particularly increased entropy, is a potential biomarker for poor anti-VEGF response in CSC. These findings suggest that inner choroidal permeability and structural changes are key prognostic indicators.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_2592_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T05:00:48Z","timestamp":1779858048000},"page":"862-869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of the therapeutic effects of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment based on indocyanine green angiographic staining patterns in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Bo-Een","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea"},{"name":"Catholic Institute for Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirinae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea"},{"name":"Catholic Institute for Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Geun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea"},{"name":"Catholic Institute for Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Hoon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea"},{"name":"Catholic Institute for Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.05.003","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy: Recent findings and new physiopathology hypothesis","volume":"48","author":"Daruich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"R2-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.07.003","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy: Towards an evidence-based treatment guideline","volume":"73","author":"van Rijssen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"R3-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001917","article-title":"Twelve-month efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab injection for chronic, atypical, or recurrent central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"39","author":"Chung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R4-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.09.024","article-title":"Low-fluence photodynamic therapy versus ranibizumab for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: One-year results of a randomized trial","volume":"121","author":"Bae","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R5-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04957-5","article-title":"Short-term choroidal vascular changes after aflibercept therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"259","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R6-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20150101-04","article-title":"Choroidal thickness and choroidal blood flow after intravitreal bevacizumab injection in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"46","author":"Okamoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"R7-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47738-9","article-title":"Dynamic changes in choroidal conditions during anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"9","author":"Nagai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R8-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005880129005","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography in central serous chorioretinopathy. ICG angiography in CSC","volume":"21","author":"Menchini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R9-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1995.63","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiographic findings in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"9","author":"Piccolino","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R10-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199616030-00004","article-title":"Indocyanine green videoangiography of older patients with central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"16","author":"Spaide","year":"1996","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R11-20261103","first-page":"11","article-title":"Enhanced AMD detection in OCT images using GLCM texture features with Machine Learning and CNN methods","author":"R","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed Phys Eng Express"},{"key":"R12-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5732","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4747526","article-title":"Ultrasound GLCM texture analysis of radiation-induced parotid-gland injury in head-and-neck cancer radiotherapy: An in vivo study of late toxicity","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"R13-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.07.026","article-title":"Multimodal imaging-based central serous chorioretinopathy classification","volume":"4","author":"Chhablani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"R14-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001580","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography of flat irregular pigment epithelium detachment in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"38","author":"Bousquet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R15-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22745-4","article-title":"Macular choroidal small-vessel layer, Sattler\u2019s layer and Haller\u2019s layer thicknesses: The Beijing eye study","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R16-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.11.003","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"64","author":"Spaide","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"R17-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.003","article-title":"Quantification of choriocapillaris with phansalkar local thresholding: Pitfalls to avoid","volume":"213","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R18-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35754","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35754","article-title":"Form, shape and function: Segmented blood flow in the choriocapillaris","volume":"6","author":"Zouache","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R19-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.100973","article-title":"Venous overload choroidopathy: A hypothetical framework for central serous chorioretinopathy and allied disorders","volume":"86","author":"Spaide","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"R20-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.68.11.815","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"68","author":"Gilbert","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R21-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1385","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15109","article-title":"Predictors of anti-VEGF efficacy in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy based on intraocular cytokine levels and pigment epithelium detachment subtypes","volume":"100","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R22-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9929864","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9929864","article-title":"Applications of multimodal imaging in central serous chorioretinopathy evaluation","volume":"2021","author":"Ho","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R23-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0206646","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206646","article-title":"Geographic filling delay of the choriocapillaris in the region of dilated asymmetric vortex veins in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"13","author":"Kishi","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R24-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14894","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98576-x","article-title":"Choroidal vessel changes in acute and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy assessed by en-face layer-by-layer comparison and correlation","volume":"15","author":"Jung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R25-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181c72068","article-title":"Punctate hyperfluorescent spots associated with central serous chorioretinopathy as seen on indocyanine green angiography","volume":"30","author":"Tsujikawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R26-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31820f4b39","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness in fellow eyes of patients with central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"31","author":"Maruko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R27-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0245342","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245342","article-title":"Short-term effect of anti-VEGF for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy according to the presence of choroidal neovascularization using optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"16","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R28-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002583","article-title":"Difference between pachychoroid and nonpachychoroid polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and their response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy","volume":"40","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R29-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687023","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.687023","article-title":"Characteristics and associated factors of flat irregular pigment epithelial detachment with choroidal neovascularization in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"8","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"R30-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-306018","article-title":"A prospective pilot study of intravitreal aflibercept for the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: The CONTAIN study","volume":"99","author":"Pitcher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_2592_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T18:01:52Z","timestamp":1793728912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_2592_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_2592_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-13","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-24","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}