{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:40:26Z","timestamp":1787071226539,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To profile ocular biometric parameters and clinical features in Indian children with high myopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective chart review of electronic medical records at a tertiary care center from September 2023 to March 2025. Children \u226416 years with high myopia (spherical equivalent [SE] \u2264 \u20136.00 D) and complete biometric data were included. Cycloplegic refraction, axial length (AL), keratometry (K), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), central corneal thickness, and clinical findings of one eye per patient (left eye by convention) were extracted and analyzed. Correlations between SE and biometric variables were assessed using Pearson\u2019s correlation and multiple linear regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 123 eyes from 123 patients (mean age 11.2 \u00b1 3.5 years; 53% male) were analyzed. Mean SE was \u20139.84 \u00b1 2.77 D (range \u20136.0 to \u201318.9 D), and mean AL was 26.39 \u00b1 1.39 mm (range 23.75\u201330.46 mm). SE showed a strong correlation with AL (r = \u20130.777,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and a moderate correlation with LT (r = \u20130.281,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001) but a negligible association with K. Multiple regression incorporating AL, K, ACD, and LT explained 70.8% of SE variance (adjusted R\u00b2 = 0.789,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001). Retinal changes were present in 32.5% of eyes, most commonly tessellated fundus (29%), and all eyes with AL &gt;28 mm showed fundus abnormalities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High myopia in Indian children is characterized by early axial elongation, severe refractive error, and early retinal changes. Axial length remains the principal determinant of myopia, though keratometry, lens thickness, and ACD provide additional predictive value.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_2695_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T10:00:15Z","timestamp":1774519215000},"page":"570-575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ocular biometric profile and clinical characteristics of high myopia in Indian children"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Hardik","family":"Nanavati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Strabismus and Neuro-Ophthalmology, Shantilal Shanghvi Eye Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenil","family":"Sheth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Strabismus and Neuro-Ophthalmology, Shantilal Shanghvi Eye Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ujjwal","family":"Kadu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Outreach and Community Services, Shantilal Shanghvi Eye Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipak","family":"Nirgude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmic Training and Education, Shantilal Shanghvi Eye Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25221","article-title":"Prevention and management of myopia and myopic pathology","volume":"60","author":"Saw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R2-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R3-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004","article-title":"The epidemics of myopia: Aetiology and prevention","volume":"62","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"R4-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0240750","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240750","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia in Indian school children: Meta-analysis of the last four decades","volume":"15","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R5-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12806","article-title":"Time trends on the prevalence of myopia in India: A prediction model for 2050","volume":"41","author":"Priscilla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"R6-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60272-4","article-title":"Myopia","volume":"379","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R7-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1040","article-title":"Axial growth and changes in lenticular and corneal power during emmetropization in infants","volume":"46","author":"Mutti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R8-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.08.027","article-title":"Accuracy of intraocular lens calculation formulas","volume":"125","author":"Melles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R9-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_546_24","article-title":"Ocular biometric parameters in South-Indian children with myopia: A hospital-based retrospective descriptive analysis","volume":"73","author":"Ganesh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R10-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.01.022","article-title":"International photographic classification and grading system for myopic maculopathy","volume":"159","author":"Ohno-Matsui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R11-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-07697-w","article-title":"A 10-year retrospective study on the prevalence and biometric characteristics of high myopia in Chinese cataract surgery candidates","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R12-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(71)91092-0","article-title":"Axial length measurements and fundus changes of the myopic eye","volume":"71","author":"Curtin","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R13-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796778","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.796778","article-title":"High-resolution image analysis reveals a decrease in lens thickness and cone density in a cohort of young myopic patients","volume":"8","author":"Xin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"R14-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2004.12.018","article-title":"High myopia associated with retinopathy of prematurity is primarily lenticular","volume":"9","author":"Garcia-Valenzuela","year":"2005","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"R15-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pbae005","DOI":"10.1093\/pcmedi\/pbae005","article-title":"Accurate prediction of myopic progression and high myopia by machine learning","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Precis Clin Med"},{"key":"R16-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13700","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29536-x","article-title":"Patterns of posterior ocular complications in myopic eyes of Indian population","volume":"8","author":"Dhakal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_2695_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:43:21Z","timestamp":1787067801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_2695_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_2695_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-22","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-27","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}