{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:42:01Z","timestamp":1786725721775,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To study the inner and outer retinal functions using a full-field electroretinogram (ERG) before and after intravenous chemotherapy (IVC) in children with retinoblastoma (RB).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 11 eyes, seven had RB and four were normal. All children were examined under anesthesia using a handheld ERG machine with a standard protocol \u2013 light-adapted single-flash ERG (fERG), photopic single-flash 3.0- and 30-Hz flickers, and photopic negative response (PhNR) amplitudes at 72 ms (P72). The amplitudes and peak times were compared before and after IVC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Post-chemotherapy tumor regressed in all seven eyes. Of the seven eyes, the fERG peak time (a-wave) was delayed in two eyes (29%), whereas the b-wave was delayed in six eyes (86%). The fERG amplitude height for a- and b-waves decreased in five eyes (71%) and six eyes (86%), respectively. In addition, photopic flicker 30-Hz b-wave peak time delayed in five eyes (71%), whereas the b-wave amplitude height decreased in six eyes (86%). Simultaneously, the P72 amplitude height decreased in six eyes (86%), whereas the P-ratio increased in all seven eyes (100%). In comparison, the ERG responses improved in three of the four contralateral normal eyes. Overall, the cone function improved in two eyes (29%), whereas cone bipolar cell and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) function improved in one eye (14%) each.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comparison of light-adapted ERG changes before and after IVC showed reduced amplitudes and delayed peak times for both a and b waveforms, as well as reduced PhNR amplitude attributable to bipolar and RGC injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_2722_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T08:05:58Z","timestamp":1722240358000},"page":"1168-1174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Electroretinographic changes in the inner and outer retinal layers before and after intravenous chemotherapy for retinoblastoma"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Kiruthika","family":"Kannan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Retina and Vitreous Services, Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dishank","family":"Jethva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retina and Vitreous Services, Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepika C","family":"Parameswarappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retina and Vitreous Services, Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swathi","family":"Kaliki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Services, The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Raval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retina and Vitreous Services, Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.138750","article-title":"Incidence of retinoblastoma in the USA: 1975\u20132004","volume":"93","author":"Broaddus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R2-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1996.01100140530002","article-title":"Chemoreduction in the initial management of intraocular retinoblastoma","volume":"114","author":"Shields","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1996.01100140548005","article-title":"Chemotherapy plus local treatment in the management of intraocular retinoblastoma","volume":"114","author":"Murphree","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R4-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1996.01100140521001","article-title":"Chemotherapy with focal therapy can cure intraocular retinoblastoma without radiotherapy","volume":"114","author":"Gallie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R5-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/IIO.0000000000000054","article-title":"Retinoblastoma: Evidence for stage-based chemotherapy","volume":"55","author":"Chung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"key":"R6-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.12.014","article-title":"A phase I\/II study of direct intraarterial (ophthalmic artery) chemotherapy with melphalan for intraocular retinoblastoma initial results","volume":"115","author":"Abramson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R7-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-301450","article-title":"Intravitreal chemotherapy for vitreous disease in retinoblastoma revisited: From prohibition to conditional indications","volume":"96","author":"Munier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R8-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/24741264221107757","article-title":"Primary macular retinoblastoma: Clinical presentation and treatment outcomes","volume":"6","author":"Chandra","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vitreoretin Dis"},{"key":"R9-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28721","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.28721","article-title":"Prospective phase II study of children affected by bilateral intraocular retinoblastoma with macular involvement of both eyes or in the only preserved eye. Macular tumor control, eye preservation rate, and visual outcome","volume":"68","author":"Russo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"R10-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486757","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1486757","article-title":"Persistent retinal detachment in retinoblastoma: The challenges","volume":"2020","author":"El Hamichi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R11-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003734","article-title":"Retinoblastoma associated with total exudative retinal detachment: Treatment and outcomes","volume":"43","author":"Ghose","year":"2023","journal-title":"Retina (Philadelphia, Pa)"},{"key":"R12-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1159\/000524919","article-title":"Emerging new therapeutics for retinoblastoma","volume":"8","author":"Raval","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocul Oncol Pathol"},{"key":"R13-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.12.015","article-title":"Efficacy and toxicity of intravitreous chemotherapy for retinoblastoma: Four-year experience","volume":"124","author":"Francis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R14-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84247","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084247","article-title":"Electroretinogram monitoring of dose-dependent toxicity after ophthalmic artery chemosurgery in retinoblastoma eyes: Six year review","volume":"9","author":"Francis","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"R15-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-318529","article-title":"Evaluation of intravitreal topotecan dose levels, toxicity and efficacy for retinoblastoma vitreous seeds: A preclinical and clinical study","volume":"106","author":"Bogan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R16-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25346","article-title":"Rabbit model of intra-arterial chemotherapy toxicity demonstrates retinopathy and vasculopathy related to drug and dose, not procedure or approach","volume":"60","author":"Daniels","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R17-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0146582","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146582","article-title":"Intra-arterial chemotherapy (ophthalmic artery chemosurgery) for group D retinoblastoma","volume":"11","author":"Abramson","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"R18-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.03.028","article-title":"Local and systemic toxicity of intravitreal melphalan for vitreous seeding in retinoblastoma: A preclinical and clinical study","volume":"121","author":"Francis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R19-20260507","first-page":"843","article-title":"Analysis of the macular pigment by HPLC: Retinal distribution and age study","volume":"29","author":"Bone","year":"1988","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R20-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/13816810.2022.2116652","article-title":"Melphalan toxicity following treatment of retinoblastoma identified by pattern electroretinogram","volume":"44","author":"Liasis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Genet"},{"key":"R21-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11201","article-title":"Photopic negative response versus pattern electroretinogram in early glaucoma","volume":"54","author":"Preiser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R22-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-301248","article-title":"ERG monitoring of retinal function during systemic chemotherapy for retinoblastoma","volume":"96","author":"Brodie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R23-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.06.018","article-title":"The International classification of retinoblastoma predicts chemoreduction success","volume":"113","author":"Shields","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R24-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1159\/000510506","article-title":"Intravenous chemotherapy for retinoblastoma in the era of intravitreal chemotherapy: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Raval","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul Oncol Pathol"},{"key":"R25-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-018-9638-x","article-title":"ISCEV extended protocol for the photopic negative response (PhNR) of the full-field electroretinogram","volume":"136","author":"Frishman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R26-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8.","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.5.4.8","article-title":"Photopic negative response obtained using a handheld electroretinogram device: Determining the optimal measure and repeatability","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"R27-20260507","first-page":"1730","article-title":"PRRP abnormalities in glaucoma and ocular hypertension","volume":"27","author":"Trick","year":"1986","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R28-20260507","first-page":"1124","article-title":"The photopic negative response of the macaque electroretinogram: Reduction by experimental glaucoma","volume":"40","author":"Viswanathan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R29-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.07.018","article-title":"Pattern electroretinogram abnormality and glaucoma","volume":"112","author":"Ventura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R30-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22302","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, tissue localization, toxicity, and treatment efficacy in the first small animal (rabbit) model of intra-arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma","volume":"59","author":"Daniels","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R31-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.7666","article-title":"Intravitreal melphalan for persistent or recurrent retinoblastoma vitreous seeds: Preliminary results","volume":"132","author":"Shields","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R32-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1001856911730","article-title":"Time courses for maturation of electroretinogram responses from infancy to adulthood","volume":"96","author":"Westall","year":"1998","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R33-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-308591","article-title":"Retinal reattachment and ERG recovery after ophthalmic artery chemosurgery for advanced retinoblastoma in eyes with minimal baseline retinal function","volume":"101","author":"Abdelhakim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R34-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-018-9652-z","article-title":"Effect of varying skin surface electrode position on electroretinogram responses recorded using a handheld stimulating and recording system","volume":"137","author":"Hobby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R35-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34.e31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2018.09.009","article-title":"Assessing nonsedated handheld cone flicker electroretingram as a screening test in pediatric patients: Comparison to sedated conventional cone flicker electroretinogram","volume":"23","author":"Osigian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"R36-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.12.11.1599","article-title":"p107 is a suppressor of retinoblastoma development in pR b-deficient mice","volume":"12","author":"Robanus-Maandag","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"issue":"7 Suppl","key":"R37-20260507","first-page":"1731s","article-title":"Developmental basis of retinal-specific induction of cancer by RB mutation","volume":"59","author":"Gallie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Res"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_2722_23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:24:55Z","timestamp":1786724695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_2722_23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_2722_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-11","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-12","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}