{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T18:29:39Z","timestamp":1793730579138,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammatory macular edema (IME) is a vision-threatening manifestation of ocular inflammation that arises from diverse causes such as uveitis, postoperative inflammation, and drug-related reactions. Corticosteroids remain the cornerstone of management; however, their prolonged use poses significant limitations, creating a need for effective steroid-sparing alternatives. Interferons (IFNs) are long recognized for their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects and have recently gained attention as therapeutic options in the treatment of IME. This review consolidates current evidence of IFN therapy delivered through systemic, topical, and periocular routes in various etiologies of IME, including uveitic, pseudophakic, and postinfectious conditions. Analysis of 27 clinical studies demonstrates overall improvement in central macular thickness and visual outcomes with IFN therapy, along with a favorable safety profile. Newer administration routes, such as topical IFN drops, posterior subtenon\u2019s and subconjunctival injections, offer targeted therapy, avoiding systemic side effects, though frequent dosing may be required due to limited treatment durability. These emerging approaches expand the therapeutic landscape by providing novel nonsteroidal options for patients intolerant to or refractory to conventional therapy. Although most available studies are limited by small sample sizes and heterogeneity in protocols, the growing evidence supports IFN as a valuable adjunct or alternative in the management of IME. Further well-designed trials are warranted to establish standardized dosing, delivery protocols, and long-term safety profiles for these novel routes of administration of IFN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_2752_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T10:00:10Z","timestamp":1770804010000},"page":"828-836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interferon as a novel agent for management of macular edema: Where do we stand?"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Ankush","family":"Kawali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Uveitis and Ocular Immunology, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raj","family":"Hirani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Ophthalmology, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sai Bhakti","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Uveitis and Ocular Immunology, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padmamalini","family":"Mahendradas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Uveitis and Ocular Immunology, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2010.509530","article-title":"Clinical review: Update on treatment of inflammatory macular edema","volume":"19","author":"Ossewaarde-van Norel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocular Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R2-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.4103\/meajo.meajo_134_21","article-title":"Bromfenac 0.09% for the treatment of macular edema secondary to noninfectious uveitis","volume":"28","author":"Saade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2018.1523437","article-title":"Disease of the year: Differential diagnosis of uveitic macular edema","volume":"27","author":"Agarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocular Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R4-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000352","article-title":"A Review of local therapy for the management of cystoid macular edema in uveitis","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)"},{"key":"R5-20261103","first-page":"4414","article-title":"Incidence of cystoid macular edema after treatment of postoperative endophthalmitis","volume":"64","author":"Karthik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R6-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2007.05.013","article-title":"Clinical pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Risk factors for development and duration after treatment","volume":"33","author":"Henderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"R7-20261103","first-page":"281","article-title":"Resolution of pseudophakic cystoid macular edema with combination therapy of topical corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"35","author":"Romac","year":"2011","journal-title":"Coll Antropol"},{"key":"R8-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4357","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1450_22","article-title":"Topical interferon therapy in uveitic macular edema","volume":"70","author":"Kawali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R9-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2020.1712431","article-title":"Tocilizumab as an effective treatment option in children with refractory intermediate and panuveitis","volume":"29","author":"Wennink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R10-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S353251","article-title":"Synergistic effect of combined sub-tenon triamcinolone and intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy for uveitic macular edema","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"R11-20261103","first-page":"2609","article-title":"IL-6 inhibition with vamikibart in patients with uveitic macular edema: Phase 3 MEERKAT and SANDCAT trials","volume":"65","author":"Suhler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R12-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2018.0125","article-title":"Interferon Alpha 2a and 2b in ophthalmology: A review","volume":"39","author":"Lewczuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"R13-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.7869\/djo.2012.88","article-title":"Interferons in ophthalmology current status and advancing trends","volume":"23","author":"Shiva Prasad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Delhi J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R14-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S3308","article-title":"Interferons and their potential in the treatment of ocular inflammation","volume":"3","author":"Mackensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R15-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2023.2226206","article-title":"Two cases of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy successfully treated with systemic interferon alpha","volume":"32","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R16-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.153197","article-title":"Topical interferon alpha 2b eye-drops for treatment of ocular surface squamous neoplasia: A dose comparison study","volume":"94","author":"Galor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R17-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.03.052","article-title":"Subconjunctival\/perilesional recombinant interferon alpha2b for ocular surface squamous neoplasia: A 10-year review","volume":"117","author":"Karp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R18-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199505000-00017","article-title":"Topical interferon alpha-2a treatment of herpes simplex keratitis resistant to multiple antiviral medications in an immunosuppressed patient","volume":"14","author":"Minkovitz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"R19-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-13-63","article-title":"Subtenon injection of natural leukocyte interferon \u03b1-2a in diabetic macular edema: A case report","volume":"13","author":"Cellini","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R20-20261103","first-page":"0","article-title":"Effect of subtenon injection of natural leucocytic interferon-a for treatment of age-related choroidal neovascularization","volume":"89","author":"Cellini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmologica,"},{"key":"R21-20261103","first-page":"185","article-title":"Intravitreal interferon alpha-2b for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: A pilot study","volume":"32","author":"Kertes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R22-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2018.03.005","article-title":"Topical interferon alpha 2b in the treatment of refractory pseudophakic cystoid macular edema","volume":"10","author":"Maleki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"key":"R23-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2704_20","article-title":"Topical interferon- A novel treatment for pseudophakic macular edema","volume":"69","author":"Kawali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R24-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_821_25","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of posterior subtenon interferon alfa-2B injection in recurrent inflammatory macular edema","volume":"73","author":"Kawali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R25-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002465","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of topical interferon \u03b12b as a complementary treatment of macular edema of patients with diabetic retinopathy: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial study","volume":"40","author":"Afarid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R26-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-022-00424-x","article-title":"Evaluation of the additive effect of interferon \u03b1 2b with monthly intravitreal injection of bevacizumab in refractory diabetic macular edema","volume":"8","author":"Faghihi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Retina Vitreous"},{"key":"R27-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.061119","article-title":"Interferon as a treatment for uveitis associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"89","author":"Becker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R28-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1097\/01.iae.0000244265.75771.71","article-title":"Interferon alfa-2a: A new treatment option for long-lasting refractory cystoid macular edema in uveitis? A pilot study","volume":"26","author":"Deuter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R29-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.101550","article-title":"Efficacy of interferon alpha in the treatment of refractory and sight-threatening uveitis: A retrospective monocentric study of 45 patients","volume":"91","author":"Bodaghi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R30-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.03.050","article-title":"Interferon-alpha as an effective treatment for noninfectious posterior uveitis and panuveitis","volume":"144","author":"Plskova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R31-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.153874","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of interferon alpha treatment in patients with chronic cystoid macular oedema due to non-infectious uveitis","volume":"93","author":"Deuter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R32-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2011.562341","article-title":"Successful treatment of chronic pseudophakic macular edema (Irvine-Gass syndrome) with interferon alpha: A report of three cases","volume":"19","author":"Deuter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R33-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2011.645989","article-title":"Interferon alpha 2b in the treatment of uveitic cystoid macular edema","volume":"20","author":"Butler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R34-20261103","first-page":"1183","article-title":"Effectiveness of interferon alpha-2a and peg interferon alpha-2b in the management of refractory uveitic macular edema","volume":"53","author":"Turpin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R35-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.05.002","article-title":"Interferon versus methotrexate in intermediate uveitis with macular edema: Results of a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"156","author":"Mackensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R36-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000591","article-title":"Effect of interferon \u03b12a in cystoid macular edema due to intraocular infection","volume":"25","author":"Qian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R37-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.03.001","article-title":"Interferon-alpha2a and systemic corticosteroid in monotherapy in chronic uveitis: Results of the randomized controlled BIRDFERON study","volume":"177","author":"Fardeau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R38-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2016.0097","article-title":"Interferon alpha for the treatment of cystoid macular edema associated with presumed ocular tuberculosis","volume":"33","author":"Oray","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R39-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2019.1604001","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of interferon alpha 2A and pegylated interferon alpha 2A in inflammatory macular edema","volume":"28","author":"Couret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R40-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2019.1687729","article-title":"Treatment of refractory cystoid macular edema with pegylated interferon alfa-2A: A retrospective chart review","volume":"29","author":"Stiefel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R41-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2019.1589526","article-title":"Interferon Alpha-2a treatment for post-uveitic refractory macular edema","volume":"28","author":"De Simone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R42-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2019.1585883","article-title":"Interferon alpha for refractory pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (Irvine-Gass Syndrome)","volume":"28","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R43-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2021.1957121","article-title":"Interferon Alpha-2a for the treatment of cystoid macular edema secondary to acute retinal necrosis","volume":"30","author":"Aksu-Ceylan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R44-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP32","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721211024809","article-title":"Topical interferon in recurrent inflammatory macular edema following a cat bite","volume":"32","author":"Kawali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R45-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101504","article-title":"Improvement of pseudophakic cystoid macular edema with subconjunctival injections of interferon \u03b12b: A case report","volume":"26","author":"Aghaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"key":"R46-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_3210_21","article-title":"Intensive topical interferon therapy in uveitic macular edema","volume":"70","author":"Kawali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R47-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2023.2271980","article-title":"Efficacy of pegylated interferon alpha-2a in uveitic macular edema refractory to biologic agents","volume":"31","author":"Avarand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R48-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2024.2374439","article-title":"Topical and subcutaneous interferon-alpha for the treatment of refractory inflammatory macular edema","volume":"33","author":"Green","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R49-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_1532_24","article-title":"Interferon as a posterior sub-tenon\u2019s injection in the treatment of macular edema","volume":"5","author":"Kawali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"key":"R50-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1076\/ocii.8.4.293.6453","article-title":"Efficacy of interferon alfa-2a in severe and refractory uveitis associated with Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Wechsler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R51-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2021.0069","article-title":"Eyes on lipinski\u2019s rule of five: A new \u201crule of thumb\u201d for physicochemical design space of ophthalmic drugs","volume":"38","author":"Karami","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharm"},{"key":"R52-20261103","first-page":"2768","article-title":"Choroidal concentration of interferon after retrobulbar injection","volume":"37","author":"Lincoff","year":"1996","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R53-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-008-1002-5","article-title":"Interferon-alpha-associated presumed ocular sarcoidosis","volume":"247","author":"Doycheva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R54-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12135","article-title":"Interferon-associated retinopathy during the treatment of chronic hepatitis C: A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Raza","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"R55-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2001.42.1.134","article-title":"Development of glaucoma in the course of interferon alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis B","volume":"42","author":"Kwon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"R56-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-021-03181-x","article-title":"Interferon-induced sarcoidosis with uveitis as the initial symptom: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Kato","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"R57-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2021.101196","article-title":"Unilateral retinopathy post perilesional interferon \u03b12b injections for ocular surface squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Dalla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"key":"R58-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.185605","article-title":"The efficacy of intravitreal interferon alpha-2b for the treatment of experimental endotoxin-induced uveitis","volume":"64","author":"Afarid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R59-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370219870783","article-title":"Choroidal changes after intravitreal injection of interferon alpha-2b","volume":"244","author":"Eghtedari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"R60-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-025-00663-8","article-title":"Interferon alpha-2b addition to intravitreal bevacizumab for diabetic macular edema: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Karimi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Retina Vitreous"},{"key":"R61-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.1995.1024","article-title":"Interferon-alpha 2b enhances barrier function of bovine retinal microvascular endothelium in vitro","volume":"49","author":"Gillies","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"R62-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2017.0138","article-title":"Expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3 genes in interferon-treated and direct-acting antiviral drugs-treated Hepatitis C patients","volume":"38","author":"Naz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"R63-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2520-2","article-title":"Advances in anti-viral immune defence: Revealing the importance of the IFN JAK\/STAT pathway","volume":"74","author":"Raftery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"R64-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00873","article-title":"The role of interferons in inflammation and inflammasome activation","volume":"8","author":"Kopitar-Jerala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R65-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01368","article-title":"IFN-\u03b2 plays both pro- and anti-inflammatory roles in the rat cardiac fibroblast through differential STAT protein activation","volume":"9","author":"Bol\u00edvar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"R66-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3301179","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory action of type I interferons deduced from mice expressing interferon \u03b2","volume":"7","author":"Bosc\u00e1","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"R67-20261103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2008.0118","article-title":"VEGF secretion is inhibited by interferon-alpha in several melanoma cell lines","volume":"28","author":"Raig","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_2752_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T18:01:46Z","timestamp":1793728906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_2752_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_2752_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-29","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-11","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}