{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:31:06Z","timestamp":1786728666695,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate the magnitude, determinants, and causes of visual impairment (VI) and blindness among people &gt;40 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this cross-sectional survey, 2,968 people &gt;40 years from 34 clusters were examined. A cluster random sampling method with a compact segment sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Prevalence of any VI (presenting visual acuity (PVA) &lt;6\/12 in better eye), severe VI (PVA &lt;6\/60 \u2013 3\/60), and blindness (PVA &lt;3\/60 in better eye) were expressed as percentage with 95% confidence interval. Logistic regression was performed to determine the risk factors associated with blindness. A\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean age of the participants was 54.6 years (Standard deviation \u00b1 11.2 years). The prevalence of mild, moderate, and severe visual impairment was 14.2% (12.95\u201315.49), 13.7% (12.46\u201314.97), and 0.7% (0.47\u20131.12), respectively. The prevalence of blindness was 1.3% (0.94\u20131.79, n = 39). The overall prevalence of VI (presenting Visual Acuity &lt;6\/12) was 12.0% (95% CI: 10.8\u201313.2%). The major causes of VI were cataract (78.08%), refractive error (12.07%), and optic atrophy (2.22%), and corneal opacity (2.22%) and the major cause of blindness was cataract (77.27%). Blindness was strongly associated with increasing age- OR 17.1 (95% CI: 4.9\u201359.8) for people &gt;70 years, and OR 7.6 (95% CI: 2.2\u201326.5) for people aged between 60 and 69 years compared to those aged 41\u201350 years and people living near coastal regions (Within 50 km of coast) (OR: 3.9, 95% CI: 1.6\u20137.3).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blindness and vision impairment are of public health concern in this geographic region. Eye care services need to be augmented to address this challenge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_2785_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T04:03:07Z","timestamp":1709870587000},"page":"994-1000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in a coastal region of Southern India: A cross-sectional survey in Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Hemanth","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hira","family":"Pant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirshendu","family":"Chaudhuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viswanath","family":"Kalluri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vitreo-Retinal Services, Pushpagiri Vitreo Retina Institute, Secunderabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay Kiran","family":"Sarvepally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vitreo-Retinal Services, Pushpagiri Vitreo Retina Institute, Secunderabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Govindahari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vitreo-Retinal Services, Pushpagiri Vitreo Retina Institute, Secunderabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen","family":"Vashist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Ophthalmology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radhika","family":"Tandon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Ophthalmology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GVS","family":"Murthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30489-7","article-title":"Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: The Right to Sight: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"9","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"R2-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.4.615","article-title":"VISION 2020: The right to sight: A global initiative to eliminate avoidable blindness","volume":"122","author":"Pizzarello","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-20260506","first-page":"35","article-title":"World bank-assisted cataract blindness control project","volume":"43","author":"Jose","year":"1995","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R4-20260506","article-title":"Directorate General of Health Services"},{"key":"R5-20260506","first-page":"99","article-title":"Eye care in South Asia, 1988\u20132018: Developments, achievements and future challenges","volume":"30","author":"Murthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Community Eye Health"},{"key":"R6-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2867.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002867","article-title":"Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness in India","volume":"3","author":"Neena","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R7-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.081406","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of blindness in the rural population of the Chennai Glaucoma Study","volume":"90","author":"Vijaya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R8-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300539","article-title":"Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010","volume":"96","author":"Pascolini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R9-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.99905","article-title":"Sentinel surveillance of blindness: An initiative of the National Programme for Control of Blindness in India","volume":"37","author":"Vashist","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"key":"R10-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55924.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055924","article-title":"Visual impairment among weaving communities in Prakasam district in South India","volume":"8","author":"Marmamula","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R11-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70120.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070120","article-title":"Visual impairment in the South Indian State of Andhra Pradesh: Andhra Pradesh - Rapid Assessment of Visual Impairment (AP-RAVI) project","volume":"8","author":"Marmamula","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R12-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012617.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012617","article-title":"Population-based assessment of prevalence and causes of visual impairment in the state of Telangana, India: A cross-sectional study using the Rapid Assessment of Visual Impairment (RAVI) methodology","volume":"6","author":"Marmamula","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"R13-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100644.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100644","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment and their associated risk factors, in three tribal areas of Andhra Pradesh, India","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R14-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1333_17","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of visual impairment among adults aged 15\u201349 years in a rural area of north India - A population-based study","volume":"66","author":"Malhotra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R15-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492.","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.100560","article-title":"Changing trends in the prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in a rural district of India: Systematic observations over a decade","volume":"60","author":"Khanna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R16-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3126\/nepjoph.v4i2.6545","article-title":"Prevalence of blindness and visual impairment and its causes among people aged 50 years and above in Karnali Zone, Nepal","volume":"4","author":"Dulal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nepal J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R17-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.18502\/jovr.v18i2.13185","article-title":"Rapid assessment of avoidable visual impairment in two coastal districts of Eastern India for determining effective coverage: A cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"},{"key":"R18-20260506","article-title":"Prevalence of Blindness and Visual Impairment-Thrissur (Kerala) [Internet]","year":"2019","journal-title":"India Vision Atlas NPCB"},{"key":"R19-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.35119\/asjoo.v17i4.291","article-title":"Prevalence of severe visual impairment and barriers to access eye care services in the Udupi district","volume":"17","author":"Rao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R20-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-258X.303612","article-title":"Prevalence of blindness in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Malhotra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"key":"R21-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.056937","article-title":"Current estimates of blindness in India","volume":"89","author":"Murthy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R22-20260506","article-title":"National Health Policy","year":"1983","journal-title":"Government of India"},{"key":"R23-20260506","first-page":"908","article-title":"Blindness in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh","volume":"42","author":"Dandona","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R24-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0271736.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271736","article-title":"Blindness and visual impairment and their causes in India: Results of a nationally representative survey","volume":"17","author":"Vashist","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R26-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.128633","article-title":"Prevalence, causes of blindness, visual impairment and cataract surgical services in Sindhudurg district on the western coastal strip of India","volume":"62","author":"Patil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R27-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e130","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30425-3","article-title":"Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"9","author":"Bourne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"R28-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-4-7","article-title":"Revision of visual impairment definitions in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases","volume":"4","author":"Dandona","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"R29-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_869_16","article-title":"Definition of blindness under National Programme for Control of Blindness: Do we need to revise it?","volume":"65","author":"Vashist","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R30-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2012.759597","article-title":"Changing scenario of cataract blindness in Kolar District, Karnataka, South India. The utility of rapid assessment of avoidable blindness in reviewing programs","volume":"20","author":"Guruprasad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"R31-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00579-0","article-title":"A population-based eye survey of older adults in a rural district of Rajasthan: I. Central vision impairment, blindness, and cataract surgery","volume":"108","author":"Murthy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R32-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2010.483751","article-title":"Prevelence and causes of visual impairment and blindness in older adults in an area of India with a high cataract surgical rate","volume":"17","author":"Murthy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"R33-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0227868.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227868","article-title":"Association of cataract and sun exposure in geographically diverse populations of India: The CASE study. First Report of the ICMR-EYE SEE study group","volume":"15","author":"Vashist","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R34-20260506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.47.1.46","article-title":"Sunlight exposure, antioxidant status, and cataract in Hong Kong fishermen","volume":"47","author":"Wong","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_2785_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:30:06Z","timestamp":1786725006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_2785_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_2785_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-10-23","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-19","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}