{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T19:02:09Z","timestamp":1789239729159,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Immunosuppression in aqueous-deficient dry eye disease (ADDE) is required not only to improve the symptoms and signs but also to prevent further progression of the disease and its sight-threatening sequelae. This immunomodulation can be achieved through topical and\/or systemic medications, and the choice of one drug over the other is determined by the underlying systemic disease. These immunosuppressive agents require a minimum of 6\u20138 weeks to achieve their beneficial effect, and during this time, the patient is usually placed on topical corticosteroids. Antimetabolites such as methotrexate, azathioprine, and mycophenolate mofetil, along with calcineurin inhibitors, are commonly used as first-line medications. The latter have a pivotal role in immunomodulation since T cells contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of ocular surface inflammation in dry eye disease. Alkylating agents are largely limited to controlling acute exacerbations with pulse doses of cyclophosphamide. Biologic agents, such as rituximab, are particularly useful in patients with refractory disease. Each group of drugs has its own side-effect profiles and requires a stringent monitoring schedule that must be followed to prevent systemic morbidity. A customized combination of topical and systemic medications is usually required to achieve adequate control, and this review aims to help the clinician choose the most appropriate modality and monitoring regimen for a given case of ADDE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_2818_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,8]],"date-time":"2023-04-08T11:10:52Z","timestamp":1680952252000},"page":"1176-1189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Role of topical and systemic immunosuppression in aqueous-deficient dry eye disease"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Anahita","family":"Kate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institue, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swapna S","family":"Shanbhag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institue, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telengana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pragnya R","family":"Donthineni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institue, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telengana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Amescua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham 27705, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor L Perez","family":"Quinones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foster Center for Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayan","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institue, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telengana, India"},{"name":"Center for Ocular Regeneration (CORE), L. 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