{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T20:43:04Z","timestamp":1786653784952,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Eye care programs, in developing countries, are often planned using the prevalence of blindness and visual impairment, often estimated from Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) surveys. A limitation of this planning approach is that it ignores the annual overall eye care requirements for a given population. Moreover, targets set are arbitrary, often influenced by capacity rather than need. To address this lacunae, we implemented a novel study design to estimate the annual need for comprehensive eye care in a 1.2 million populations. We conducted a population-based longitudinal study in Theni district, Tamil Nadu, India. All permanent residents of all ages were included. We conducted the study in three phases, (i) household-level enumeration and enrollment, (ii) basic eye examination (BEE) at household one-year post-enrollment, and (iii) assessment of eye care utilization and full eye examination (FEE) at central locations. All people aged 40 years and above were invited to the FEE. Those aged &lt;40 years were invited to the FEE if indicated. In the main study, we enrolled 24,327 subjects (58% aged below 40 years and 42% aged 40 years and above). Of those less than 40 years, 72% completed the BEE, of whom 20% were referred for FEE at central location. Of the people aged \u226540 years, 70% underwent FEE. Our study design provides insights for appropriate long-term public health intervention planning, resource allocation, effective service delivery, and designing of eye care services for resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_3228_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T07:55:53Z","timestamp":1692604553000},"page":"3246-3254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Methods for a population-based Comprehensive Eye care Workload Assessment (CEWA) study in Southern India"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Ashok","family":"Vardhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Glaucoma, S V Aravind Eye Hospital, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinoth Kumar","family":"Rajendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lions Aravind Institute of Community Ophthalmology, Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanil","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lions Aravind Institute of Community Ophthalmology, Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakshmanan","family":"Pooludaiyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Aravind Eye Hospital and Post Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipankar","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cataract and IOL services and General Ophthalmology, Aravind Eye Hospital, Theni, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid E","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thulasiraj D","family":"Ravilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lions Aravind Institute of Community Ophthalmology, Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30393-5","article-title":"Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990\u20132020: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Flaxman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob 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Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R9-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.05.020","article-title":"Prevalence of cataract in an older population in India: The India study of age-related eye disease","volume":"118","author":"Vashist","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R10-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12447","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for myopia and other refractive errors in an adult population in southern India","volume":"38","author":"Joseph","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"R14-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3615-x","article-title":"Peek Community Eye Health-mHealth system to increase access and efficiency of eye health services in Trans Nzoia County, Kenya: Study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Rono","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"R15-20251008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e924","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30244-4","article-title":"Smartphone-based screening for visual impairment in Kenyan school children: A cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Rono","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_3228_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:42:17Z","timestamp":1786650137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_3228_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_3228_22","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.01.01.23284101","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-12-11","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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