{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:26:47Z","timestamp":1786728407342,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the presence of ocular abnormalities in children with developmental delay (DD) and compare with normal children; to analyze associated risk factors, systemic problems, and the possible treatment that can be delivered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This was a cross sectional, observational study. We included children between one and 18 years, diagnosed as developmental delay in DD group, and next immediate age- and sex-matched children without developmental delay on the same day or during the same period in the control group. Detailed history and neuroimaging findings were noted. Uncorrected visual acuity, best-corrected visual acuity for distance and near, cycloplegic refraction, anterior, and posterior segment examination was carried out. Various ocular problems, delayed visual maturation (DVM), and cortical visual impairment (CVI) were diagnosed based on examination. Data were analyzed statistically, and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value &lt;0.05 was considered as statistically significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ninety-four children were included in each group. Mean age was 4.97 \u00b1 3.84 years, and 64.89% were males. In DD group: Most common abnormal neuroimaging finding was gliotic changes; systemic associations: 39 children; 83 children had ocular problems: refractive error-70, strabismus-39, cataract-five, amblyopia-16; DVM-13; CVI-13 children; glasses and vision stimulation were advised in 39 and 65 children, respectively; whereas, in control group: refractive error-36, strabismus-15, cataract-two; amblyopia-20 children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>88.29% of developmental delay children had ocular abnormalities, commonest was refractive error (74.47%); these values were higher than in control group; common risk factors were low birthweight and consanguineous marriage; epilepsy was the most common systemic association.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_3358_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T12:14:28Z","timestamp":1695298468000},"page":"3328-3334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Ocular abnormalities in children with developmental delay"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"V","family":"Kavitha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Sankara Eye Hospital, Harakere, Shimoga, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aashish K","family":"Gangrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Sankara Eye Hospital, Harakere, Shimoga, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mallikarjun M","family":"Heralgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cornea and Refractive Services, Sankara Eye Hospital, Harakere, Shimoga, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sneha","family":"Haragoppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Dr. Sneha Eye Care Centre, Belagavi, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-010-0077-3","article-title":"Developmental delay timely identification and assessment","volume":"47","author":"Poon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"R2-20251009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2006.00867.x","article-title":"Visual dysfunctions and ocular disorders in children with developmental delay. 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