{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:10:40Z","timestamp":1792649440102,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To record and evaluate the reliability parameters (fixation loss (FL) %, false positive (FP) %) and global indices (mean sensitivity (MS), mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation in dB) in three visual field test sessions within two weeks to assess the learning effect in normal healthy subjects and POAG patients and comparison of learning effect gender wise and age wise in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was a prospective observational study. An oculus visual field testing was done and analyzed in 30 eyes of POAG patients and 30 eyes of normal healthy subjects in three visits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were 16 (53.3%) males and 14 (46.6%) females in the POAG group and 16 (53.33%) males and 14 (46.66%) females in the normal healthy subject group. A significant difference in data change between each visit in FL, FP, MD, MS was found though the difference was more pronounced in the second visit than in the third visit. The pattern standard deviation does not change significantly in subsequent visits in both groups. Gender wise and age wise no significant difference was found in the POAG group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant improvement in reliability parameters and global indices with each subsequent visit in both the POAG group and normal patients signifies the importance of learning effect on these parameters and the need to perform at least three tests to get the baseline perimetry chart, especially in POAG patients, while in normal subjects, second perimetric result can be accepted. It was also concluded that the learning effect is not influenced by age and gender.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_362_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T14:02:49Z","timestamp":1688565769000},"page":"2739-2745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Impact of learning effect on reliability factors and global indices in visual field testing by standard automated perimetry in normal healthy subjects and primary open-angle glaucoma patients to obtain an accurate baseline perimetry chart"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Jagriti","family":"Rana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjali","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arti","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamaljeet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivangi","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vineet Kumar","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-016-0333-6","article-title":"Quality of life in glaucoma: A review of the literature","volume":"33","author":"Quaranta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"R2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e3181d12e1e","article-title":"Continued visual field progression in eyes with prior visual field progression in patients with openangle glaucoma","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"R3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.7.985","article-title":"Discriminating between normal and glaucomatous eyes using the Heidelberg retina tomograph, GDx nerve fiber analyzer, and optical coherence tomograph","volume":"119","author":"Zangwill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R4-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3712","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0266","article-title":"Evaluation of the structure-function relationship in glaucoma","volume":"46","author":"Gardiner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R5-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.135012","article-title":"Practical recommendations for measuring rates of visual field change in glaucoma","volume":"92","author":"Chauhan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R6-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7010","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10268","article-title":"Factors that influence standard automated perimetry test results in glaucoma: Test reliability, technician experience, time of day, and season","volume":"53","author":"Junoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R7-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1989.01070010083032","article-title":"The effect of perimetric experience in normal subjects","volume":"107","author":"Heijl","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R8-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.1998.760303.x","article-title":"Evaluation of a new perimetric threshold strategy, SITA, in patients with manifest and suspect glaucoma","volume":"76","author":"Bengtsson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"R9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(90)32628-3","article-title":"Effect of patient experience on the results of automated perimetry in glaucoma suspect patients","volume":"97","author":"Werner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R10-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00432-8","article-title":"Comparison of long-term variability for standard and short-wavelength automated perimetry in stable glaucoma patients","volume":"129","author":"Blumenthal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R11-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00462025","article-title":"Baseline alterations in blue-on-yellow normal perimetric sensitivity","volume":"234","author":"Wild","year":"1996","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R12-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27492007000100017","article-title":"Flicker perimetry in healthy subjects: Influence of age and gender, learning effect and short-term fluctuation","volume":"70","author":"Bernardi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"key":"R13-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(00)00464-5","article-title":"Learning effect, short-term fluctuation, and long-term fluctuation in frequency doubling technique","volume":"130","author":"Iester","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.3129\/i07-135","article-title":"Learning effect of Humphrey Matrix perimetry","volume":"42","author":"Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R15-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1990.tb01694.x","article-title":"Factors associated with a learning effect in glaucoma patients using automated perimetry","volume":"68","author":"Kulze","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)"},{"key":"R16-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2015.01.013","article-title":"The influence of the learning effect on automated perimetry in a Turkish population","volume":"38","author":"Aydin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"key":"R17-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001269","article-title":"The association between visual field reliability indices and cognitive impairment in glaucoma patients","volume":"28","author":"Raman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"R19-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(91)32339-X","article-title":"Reliability of visual field results over repeated testing","volume":"98","author":"Katz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(89)32840-5","article-title":"Assessing the utility of reliability indices for automated visual fields. Testing ocular hypertensives","volume":"96","author":"Bickler-Bluth","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R21-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.22336\/rjo.2018.42","article-title":"Influence of learning effect on reliability parameters and global indices of standard automated perimetry in cases of primary open angle glaucoma","volume":"62","author":"Tiwari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rom J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R22-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(88)33111-8","article-title":"Effect of patient experience on the results of automated perimetry in clinically stable glaucoma patients","volume":"95","author":"Werner","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R23-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27492008000400011","article-title":"Learning effect of standard automated perimetry in healthy individuals","volume":"71","author":"Castro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"key":"R24-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.1998.760408.x","article-title":"SITA Fast, a new rapid perimetric threshold test. Description of methods and evaluation in patients with manifest and suspect glaucoma","volume":"76","author":"Bengtsson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"R25-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00203309","article-title":"The learning and fatigue effect in automated perimetry","volume":"229","author":"Marra","year":"1991","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R26-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0543","article-title":"The collaborative initial glaucoma treatment study: Baseline visual field and test-retest variability","volume":"44","author":"Gillespie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_362_23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:12:56Z","timestamp":1787760776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_362_23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_362_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-02-05","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-27","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}