{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T04:33:45Z","timestamp":1788150825244,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to report the outcomes of a regional variant of botulinum toxin type A (BtA) in essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The medical records of all patients with facial dystonias, who received at least one dose of BtA between May 2016 and April 2017 were retrospectively evaluated. The pre- and post-injection severity of symptoms, graded using the Jankovic rating system for essential blepharospasm and the Samsung Medical Center grading system for hemifacial spasm, the complications after each sitting, and the mean symptom-free interval were recorded. A correlation analysis was done to identify factors associated with longer symptom-free intervals. A\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean age at presentation was 56.62 \u00b1 10.56 years. The mean duration of follow-up was 1.86 \u00b1 2.06 years. The modal disease severity reduced from 5 to 0 in essential blepharospasm and from 2 to 0 in hemifacial spasm a week after injection of botulinum toxin. The mean symptom-free intervals with doses of 20, 22.5, 25, 30, and 50 units were 102.1 \u00b1 44.7, 132.4 \u00b1 35.3, 147.2 \u00b1 61.6, 124.4 \u00b1 55.1, and 142.4 \u00b1 59.7 days, respectively. The commonest complication was lagophthalmos (26.3%;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 20). Injections for primary dystonias were associated with longer disease-free intervals than those for secondary dystonias (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02). In nine sittings, the dose was increased for increased severity or presumed resistance, which resulted in a significant increase in the symptom-free interval (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.004) without an increased incidence of complications (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.48).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BtA is safe and effective in the treatment of facial dystonias. The drug is more efficacious for primary facial dystonias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_3656_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]],"date-time":"2021-10-05T11:42:39Z","timestamp":1633434159000},"page":"2777-2781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Outcomes of a regional variant of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasms: A retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"V","family":"Maneksha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orbit and Oculoplastics, Aravind Eye Hospital and PG Institute of Ophthalmology, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabyasachi","family":"Chakrabarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Ophthalmology, Aravind Eye 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