{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:42:06Z","timestamp":1786725726746,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the deviation in cases of horizontal strabismus as assessed from photographs with the measurements as obtained in the strabismus clinic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After obtaining informed consent, we recruited subjects with manifest horizontal strabismus. We took a frontal flash photograph from a distance of 50 cm using smart-phone-based cameras with the flash light vertically aligned with the lens. After projecting the photograph on a laptop and using a vernier caliper, we measured the horizontal corneal diameter of the non-strabismic eye and the decentration of reflex in the strabismic eye taking limbus as the reference point. We converted these values to degrees by using a conversion factor of 7.5\u00b0\/mm and further to prism diopters (PD) by the standard mathematical formula 100*tan\u03b8.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We included 74 subjects aged between 5 and 40 years with manifest horizontal deviation from 20 to 85 PD. We found a statistically significant correlation of 82.6% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value &lt; 0.001) between the clinic and photographic measurements. Agreement analysis suggested that the photographic measurements measured on average 7 PD less (95% confidence interval: 4.6 to 9.2) than clinical measurements along all values of misalignment, although the difference between the two methods decreased as the quantum of deviation increased. Linear regression revealed an r\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      of 68% and provided a predictive equation to derive clinic equivalent measurements from photographic estimates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We believe our simple method provides robust evidence that a photographic estimation can provide the basic information of the size of the deviation to plan possible surgeries, especially in situations of a tele-consultation. This is an easy approach to both understand and master and should form the armamentarium of most orthopticians and strabismologists.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_409_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T08:08:27Z","timestamp":1722240507000},"page":"1199-1203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["To compare horizontal strabismus deviation as assessed from photographs with that in the strabismus clinic using the prism bar"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Aparna","family":"Bose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abadan Khan","family":"Amitava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yogesh","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Aisha","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anam","family":"Masood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramprakash","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gangasagar","family":"Meena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3411","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4461","article-title":"Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in young Singaporean Chinese children","volume":"51","author":"Chia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R2-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.089516","article-title":"The psychosocial benefits of corrective surgery for adults with strabismus","volume":"90","author":"Jackson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3540","DOI":"10.14260\/jemds\/2016\/816","article-title":"A study of prevalence of ocular morbidities in school going children in a rural District of Manipur","volume":"5","author":"Bigyabati","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Evol Med Dent Sci"},{"key":"R6-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1177\/000992288602500604","article-title":"Rapid strabismus screening for the pediatrician","volume":"25","author":"Cibis","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"R8-20260507","first-page":"234","article-title":"A photographic technique for measuring horizontal and vertical eye alignment throughout the field of gaze","volume":"33","author":"Quicker","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R9-20260507","first-page":"736","article-title":"Photographic calibration of the Hirschberg test","volume":"28","author":"Brodie","year":"1987","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R10-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2018.08.014","article-title":"Quantitative measurement of horizontal strabismus with digital photography","volume":"23","author":"Dericio\u011flu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"R11-20260507","article-title":"See Vision, L. 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