{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:33:19Z","timestamp":1786649599531,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734912000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the effect of axial elongation on anterior scleral thickness (AST) in myopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The convenience sampling method was used to select 122 patients without ocular or systemic diseases affecting ametropia in Ya\u2019an People\u2019s Hospital between March 2020 and January 2022. According to the diopter and axial length (AL), the patients were divided into an emmetropia group (32 cases), a low-to-moderate myopia group (40 cases), and a high myopia group (40 cases). Relevant data were collected and analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The AST of the four diameter lines was highest at the scleral process and measured. The results, in descending order, were as follows: temporal side (716.45 \u00b1 65.55 \u03bcm), lower side (692.32 \u00b1 74.76 \u03bcm), nasal side (671.54 \u00b1 61.76 \u03bcm), and superior side (550.76 \u00b1 51.34 \u03bcm). There was a correlation between the AL and the average AST of the four diameter lines. The correlations, from highest to lowest, were as follows: the mean AST of the nasal side (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.455,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), the mean AST of the upper side (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.431,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), the mean AST of the lower side (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.402,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and the mean AST of the temporal side (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.363,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Age was associated with the average AST of the upper, nasal, and temporal sides. The correlations, from highest to lowest, were as follows: the average AST of the upper side (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.545,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), the average AST of the temporal side (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.422,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), and the average AST of the nasal side (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.411,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). There were significant differences in AST among the three groups at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 mm from the scleral bulge (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). AST was positively correlated with age and negatively correlated with AL (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">=<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.432,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 231.73,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The thickness of the sclera changed with the AL and measurement position. AST was negatively correlated with the AL and positively correlated with age. Compared with emmetropia and low-to-moderate myopia, the anterior sclera in cases of high myopia was thinner. Myopia affects not only the thickness of the posterior sclera but also the AST.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_444_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T03:01:06Z","timestamp":1734922866000},"page":"35-40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effect of axial elongation on anterior scleral thickness in myopia"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Yaan People\u2019s Hospital, Yaan City, Sichuan Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chengdu Wodi Ophthalmology Hospital, Qingyang, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chengdu Wodi Ophthalmology Hospital, Qingyang, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cai-Qiu","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Yaan People\u2019s Hospital, Yaan City, Sichuan Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R2-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16808.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96304-9","article-title":"Acircularity and circularity indexes of the foveal avascular zone in high myopia","volume":"11","author":"Piao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R3-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2021.3303","article-title":"Continued increase of axial length and its risk factors in adults with high myopia","volume":"139","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R4-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(03)00212-4","article-title":"Scleral structure, organisation and disease. A review","volume":"78","author":"Watson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"R5-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100773.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.100773","article-title":"Scleral structure and biomechanics","volume":"74","author":"Boote","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"R6-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109071.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071","article-title":"Candidate pathways for retina to scleral signaling in refractive eye growth","volume":"219","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"R7-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-016-3345-7","article-title":"Scleral and choroidal volume in relation to axial length in infants with retinoblastoma versus adults with malignant melanomas or end-stage glaucoma","volume":"254","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R8-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E365","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31820b053d","article-title":"Perspective: How might emmetropization and genetic factors produce myopia in normal eyes?","volume":"88","author":"Siegwart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"R9-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109294.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109294","article-title":"The collagen metabolism affects the scleral mechanical properties in the different processes of scleral remodeling","volume":"118","author":"Ouyang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"R10-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e410","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13788","article-title":"Distribution of scleral thickness and associated factors in 810 Chinese children and adolescents: A swept-source optical coherence tomography study","volume":"97","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R11-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0218107.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218107","article-title":"Posterior staphylomas and scleral curvature in highly myopic children and adolescents investigated by ultra-widefield optical coherence tomography","volume":"14","author":"Tanaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R12-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-023-02775-x","article-title":"Comparison of anterior sclera thickness in emmetropes and myopes","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R13-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5159.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62096-7","article-title":"Retinal pigment epithelium cell density and Bruch\u2019s membrane thickness in secondary versus primary high myopia and emmetropia","volume":"10","author":"Jonas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R14-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0132902.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132902","article-title":"Measurement of scleral thickness in humans using anterior segment optical coherent tomography","volume":"10","author":"Buckhurst","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R15-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000422","article-title":"Comparison of corneal layers and anterior sclera in emmetropic and myopic eyes","volume":"34","author":"Pekel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"R16-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.6","article-title":"Anterior sclera undergoes thinning with increasing degree of myopia","volume":"61","author":"Dhakal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R17-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.06.050","article-title":"High myopia and glaucoma susceptibility the Beijing Eye Study","volume":"114","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R18-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.10.021","article-title":"In vivo anterior scleral morphometry, axial length and myopia","volume":"43","author":"Consejo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"R19-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-017-0816-8","article-title":"Comparison of anterior segment parameters and axial lengths of myopic, emmetropic, and hyperopic children","volume":"39","author":"Dogan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R20-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33796.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33796","article-title":"Anterior eye tissue morphology: Scleral and conjunctival thickness in children and young adults","volume":"6","author":"Read","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R21-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4439(92)90041-K","article-title":"Ageing of the human corneal stroma: Structural and biochemical changes","volume":"1138","author":"Malik","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"R22-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5226","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-3363","article-title":"Scleral biomechanics in the aging monkey eye","volume":"50","author":"Girard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R23-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0131396.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131396","article-title":"Glaucoma-related changes in the mechanical properties and collagen micro-architecture of the human sclera","volume":"10","author":"Coudrillier","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R24-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-015-3072-5","article-title":"Metrics of the normal anterior sclera: Imaging with optical coherence tomography","volume":"253","author":"Ebneter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R25-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15631","article-title":"Scleral thickness in Chinese eyes","volume":"56","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R26-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2021.1924629","article-title":"Anterior scleral thickness dimensions by swept-source optical coherence tomography","volume":"105","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Vigo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"R27-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1159\/000512396","article-title":"Anterior scleral thickness in myopic eyes and its association with ocular parameters","volume":"64","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"R28-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21371.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25460-3","article-title":"Photoreceptor density in relation to axial length and retinal location in human eyes","volume":"12","author":"Panda-Jonas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R29-20260424","first-page":"77","article-title":"New progress in application of optical tomography angiography (OCTA) in retinal diseases","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_444_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:55:49Z","timestamp":1786647349000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_444_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_444_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-18","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-23","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}