{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:32:24Z","timestamp":1786739544679,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The people of Northeast India comprise mostly of Mongoloid descent with characteristic craniofacial features. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the normal orbital structures with MRI and determine normative data in the Northeast Indian pediatric population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      MRI images of the 302 orbits of 151 pediatric patients below 16 years of age were retrospectively evaluated to measure the various orbital structures. Both axial and coronal MRI images were utilized for various orbital measurements. An independent sample\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test was done to compare various orbital data according to the sex and side. Linear regression was also done.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean age of the pediatric population was 9.64 \u00b1 1.47 years with a male: Female ratio of 1.13:1. The mean interzygomatic line was 88.4 \u00b1 9.09 mm and the interorbital line was 22.18 \u00b1 3.62 mm. The mean thicknesses of medial, lateral, superior, and inferior recti muscles were 2.58 \u00b1 0.46, 2.34 \u00b1 0.42, 2.16 \u00b1 0.40, and 2.53 \u00b1 0.49 mm in males and 2.41 \u00b1 0.41, 2.08 \u00b1 0.34, 2.08 \u00b1 0.46, and 2.46 \u00b1 0.49 mm in females. The mean horizontal orbital, vertical orbital diameters, orbital index, mean volume of eyeball, and orbital cavity were 30.27 \u00b1 2.97,3 7.06 \u00b1 3.57, 122.58 \u00b1 7.39, 4.63 \u00b1 0.84, and 15.29 \u00b1 3.52 in males, while 29.16 \u00b1 3.23, 34.96 \u00b1 3.99,119.96 \u00b1 7.31, 4.49 \u00b1 0.87, and 14.65 \u00b1 3.47 in females, respectively. With an increase in age, the interzygomatic line (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.883,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      2 = 0.780;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0005), anterior medial interorbital line (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.808,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      2 = 0.652;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0005), mean volume of eyeball (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.915,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      2 = 0.838;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0005), orbital cavity (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.924,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      2 = 0.854;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0005), and distance between the optic nerve entry site (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.829,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      2 = 0.687;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0005) were increased.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides normative data of various orbital structures in a pediatric population and these data likely to be useful for diagnosing various pediatric orbital disorders and helps in the planning of various surgical procedures of orbits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_546_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T10:22:48Z","timestamp":1627899768000},"page":"2099-2105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Normative magnetic resonance imaging measurements of orbital structures in pediatric population of North-Eastern India: A retrospective cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Deb K","family":"Boruah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Tezpur Medical College, Sonitpur, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemonta K","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalyan","family":"Sarma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, All India Institute of Medical Science , New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karuna","family":"Hazarika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Tezpur Medical College, Sonitpur, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barun K","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Sikkim Institute of Medical Science, Gangtok, Sikkim, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ananya","family":"Goswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre of Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Science , New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(89)32785-0","article-title":"Computed tomographic features of nonthyroid extraocular muscle enlargement","volume":"96","author":"Patrinely","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-200005000-00025","article-title":"Normative measurements of orbital structures using MRI","volume":"24","author":"Ozgen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"B4-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-3026.169462","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of optic nerve","volume":"25","author":"Gala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Radiol Imaging"},{"key":"B5-20240828","first-page":"265","article-title":"CT in the evaluation of the orbit and the bony interorbital distance","volume":"7","author":"Mafee","year":"1986","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B6-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1187_18","article-title":"Computed tomography imaging-based normative orbital measurement in Indian population","volume":"67","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B7-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5456","article-title":"Optic nerve measurement on MRI in the pediatric population:Normative values and correlations","volume":"39","author":"Al-Haddad","year":"2018","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B8-20240828","first-page":"00215","article-title":"Measurement of bony orbital volume with Computed tomography (CT) in healthy eyes of Saudi children","volume":"6","author":"Elkhamary","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cancer Prev Curr Res"},{"key":"B9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2016.03.002","article-title":"Computed tomographic measurements of orbital entrance dimensions in relation to age and gender in a sample of healthy Iranian population","volume":"28","author":"Khademi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Curr Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B10-20240828","first-page":"96","article-title":"The non-metrical morphological characters of the skull as criteria for racial diagnosis:Part IV. The non-metrical morphological characters of the Northern Chinese skull","volume":"68","author":"Wood-Jones","year":"1933","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"B12-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2896","DOI":"10.16965\/ijar.2016.363","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of orbit in Indian skulls and comparison with international studies","volume":"4","author":"Dhanwate","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Anat Res"},{"key":"B13-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2001.079002197.x","article-title":"Normative measurements of Korean orbital structures revealed by computerized tomography","volume":"79","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"B14-20240828","first-page":"307","article-title":"Normal measurements of extraocular muscle using computed tomography","volume":"90","author":"Lerdlum","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"B15-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-9294(13)60007-3","article-title":"Normative measurements of extraocular musculature by multislice computed tomography","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin Med Sci J"},{"key":"B16-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2000.200","article-title":"Echographic study of extraocular muscle thickness in children and adults","volume":"14","author":"Sacca","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"B17-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2014.05.003","article-title":"Echographic study of extraocular muscle thickness in normal Indian population","volume":"28","author":"Chandra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Saudi J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B18-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh284","article-title":"A serial MRI study following optic nerve mean area in acute optic neuritis","volume":"127","author":"Hickman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B19-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-8531(99)70079-0","article-title":"Diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging and planimetric measurement of optic disc size in confirming optic nerve hypoplasia","volume":"3","author":"Hellstrom","year":"1999","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"B20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.08.013","article-title":"The role of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing optic nerve hypoplasia","volume":"158","author":"Lenhart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B21-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4103\/1115-3474.187970","article-title":"Normative measurements of the ocular globe position in relation to interzygomatic line, using magnetic resonance imaging among adults in Zaria, Nigeria","volume":"23","author":"Aiyekomogbon","year":"2016","journal-title":"West Afr J Radiol"},{"key":"B22-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3126\/njms.v2i1.7649","article-title":"Role of computed tomography in evaluation of proptosis","volume":"2","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nepal J Med Sci"},{"key":"B23-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1584225","article-title":"Imaging of fetal orbits","volume":"4","author":"Mirsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B24-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.170.4.9530066","article-title":"Normative measurements of orbital structures using CT","volume":"170","author":"Ozgen","year":"1998","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_546_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:29:53Z","timestamp":1786735793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_546_21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_546_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-03-13","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-10","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}