{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:50:27Z","timestamp":1791359427817,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of an innovative visual field grid tool, the TsiogkaSpaeth (TS) Grid, in detecting visual field defects in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and to compare its performance with standard automated perimetry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This hospital-based cross-sectional study included 51 participants (73 eyes) with POAG and age-matched controls. All participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation, TS Grid testing, and Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer (HFA) 24-2 SITA Standard testing as the reference standard. Diagnostic accuracy parameters including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were calculated. Correlations between TS Grid scores and standard automated perimetry indices (mean deviation [MD], pattern standard deviation [PSD], visual field index [VFI]) were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The TS Grid demonstrated a sensitivity of 91.7%, a specificity of 89.2%, PPV of 89.2%, and NPV of 91.7%. The area under the ROC curve was 0.904, indicating excellent diagnostic accuracy. TS Grid scores showed strong positive correlation with MD and VFI and a negative correlation with PSD (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The TS Grid is a reliable, low-cost, and portable tool for visual field assessment in POAG. Its high diagnostic accuracy and ease of use make it a valuable adjunct for screening and functional evaluation, particularly in resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_547_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:04:12Z","timestamp":1790690652000},"page":"1478-1483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The TsiogkaSpaeth grid in Indian patients with primary open-angle glaucoma: A cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Hema","family":"Talavar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, M M Joshi Eye Institute, Hubballi, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athina","family":"Droulia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Evgenideio Hospital, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B V","family":"Pradeep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, M M Joshi Eye Institute, Hubballi, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George L","family":"Spaeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Tsiogka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Evgenideio Hospital, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30489-7","article-title":"Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: The Right to Sight: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"R2-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.013","article-title":"Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"121","author":"Tham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R3-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2024.101307","article-title":"Standard automated perimetry for glaucoma and diseases of the retina and visual pathways: Current and future perspectives","volume":"104","author":"Phu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"R4-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_362_23","article-title":"Impact of learning effect on reliability factors and global indices in visual field testing by standard automated perimetry in normal healthy subjects and primary open-angle glaucoma patients to obtain an accurate baseline perimetry chart","volume":"71","author":"Rana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R5-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13092458","article-title":"Visual field tests: A narrative review of different perimetric methods","volume":"13","author":"Rai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"R6-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1993.24","article-title":"Oculokinetic perimetry compared with Humphrey visual field analysis in the detection of glaucomatous visual field loss","volume":"7","author":"Wishart","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"R7-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S282","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_2289_23","article-title":"Assessment of glaucoma severity and deterioration by using Spaeth\/Richman contrast sensitivity (SPARCS) and its correlation with retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and perimetry","volume":"73","author":"Jinna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R8-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0318074","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0318074","article-title":"Virtual reality perimetry compared to standard automated perimetry in adults with glaucoma: A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Hekmatjah","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R9-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305223","article-title":"The Spaeth\/Richman contrast sensitivity test (SPARCS): Design, reproducibility and ability to identify patients with glaucoma","volume":"99","author":"Richman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R10-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-024-07305-1","article-title":"The TsiogkaSpaeth grid for detection of neurological visual field defects: A validation study","volume":"45","author":"Tsiogka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R11-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002144","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2025-002144","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the TsiogkaSpaeth grid test for detecting visual field defects in patients with glaucoma","volume":"10","author":"Tsiogka","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R12-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogla.2026.01.001","article-title":"Prevalence of glaucoma in India over two decades and projections to 2050: A systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Jerrome","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Glaucoma"},{"key":"R13-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_379_23","article-title":"Towards better management of glaucoma in India","volume":"71","author":"Rewri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R14-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_3050_22","article-title":"Assessment of quality of life in glaucoma patients in a tertiary care center in Eastern India","volume":"71","author":"Sen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R15-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.7656","article-title":"Prevalence and nature of early glaucomatous defects in the central 10\u00b0 of the visual field","volume":"132","author":"Traynis","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R16-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001986","article-title":"Patterns of visual field loss in early, moderate, and severe stages of open angle glaucoma","volume":"31","author":"Germano","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"R17-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_731_20","article-title":"Commentary: Evolving role of portable visual field testing in communities","volume":"69","author":"Krishnadas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_547_26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:00:42Z","timestamp":1791356442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/IJO.IJO_547_26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_547_26","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-24","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-18","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}