{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:23:22Z","timestamp":1787765002445,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the association among subclinical hypothyroidism, anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibody, and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Case\u2013control study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The cases consisted of patients with POAG and controls were age- and sex-matched patients from the general eye clinic with no history of glaucoma. Blood samples were taken from the participants\u2019 antecubital veins and sent for measurement of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibody. Data was analyzed using the Mann\u2013Whitney U test and the Chi-square test. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. A two-tailed\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value less than 0.05 was considered for statistical significance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There were a total of 63 cases and 63 controls. Subclinical hypothyroidism was present in 20.6% of patients in the glaucoma group and 4.8% of patients in the control group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01). The odds of subclinical hypothyroidism in patients with POAG compared to controls was 5.2 (95% CI 1.7\u201322). Anti-TPO antibody positivity was higher in the glaucoma group (22.2%) than in the control group (14.3%), but this did not reach statistical significance (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.25).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study suggests an association between POAG and subclinical hypothyroidism. Further research is needed to establish the cause-and-effect relationship between these two conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_603_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T00:02:22Z","timestamp":1702857742000},"page":"228-231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Subclinical hypothyroidism and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies in primary open-angle glaucoma: A case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Suma","family":"Unnikrishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"VP","family":"Anilakumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferzana","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00564-5","article-title":"Glaucoma in a rural population of southern India: The Aravind comprehensive eye survey","volume":"110","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R2-20260428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2016.02.003","article-title":"Glaucoma history and risk factors","volume":"10","author":"McMonnies","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"key":"R3-20260428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.09.005","article-title":"An evidence-based review of prognostic factors for glaucomatous visual field progression","volume":"120","author":"Ernest","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R4-20260428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(93)31441-7","article-title":"An association between hypothyroidism and primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"100","author":"Smith","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R5-20260428","first-page":"109","article-title":"Hypothyroidism--A possible etiology of open-angle glaucoma","volume":"67","author":"McDaniel","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"R6-20260428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.147165","article-title":"The association between thyroid problems and glaucoma","volume":"92","author":"Cross","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R7-20260428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1997.22","article-title":"Primary open-angle glaucoma and hypothyroidism: Chance or true association?","volume":"11","author":"Gillow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R8-20260428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.05.026","article-title":"Hypothyroidism and the development of open-angle glaucoma in a male population","volume":"111","author":"Girkin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R9-20260428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.01.016","article-title":"Is there an association between hypothyroidism and open-angle glaucoma in an elderly population? 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