{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T04:32:30Z","timestamp":1792211550458,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"\n Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of topical human IgG eye drops (4 mg\/mL) as adjunct therapy in eyes with moderate to severe refractory dry eye disease (DED).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methodology:<\/jats:title>\n A prospective, longitudinal, open label, dual cohort study of patients with chronic DED of moderate to severe grade comprise of OSIG therapy group cohort on topical immunoglobulin IgG 0.4% four times daily, as adjunctive therapy for one year, to study the role of OSIG therapy in comparison with conventional treatment. Patients above 18 years of age with chronic moderate to severe grade DED with tear break-up time (TBUT) \u22647 seconds, Schirmer test \u22649 mm\/5 minutes, ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score \u226513, National Eye Institute (NEI) corneal staining score >3, and conjunctival staining score >3 were recruited into the study. Study participants in the conventional treatment cohort group were on topical lubricants four hourly (carboxymethyl cellulose 0.5% and lubricant ointment at bedtime), topical steroids (prednisolone 1%\/fluorometholone 0.1%\/loteprednol 0.5%) therapy as per the severity of the DED requirement and topical immunomodulators (cyclosporine A 0.1% eye drops or tacrolimus 0.1% eye ointment) twice daily. Study participants in the OSIG treatment cohort group were started on topical human immunoglobulin IgG 0.4% four times daily as adjunct therapy in addition to the all the above-mentioned medications for a period of 12 months. Study parameters included DED severity level assessment, NIH score, ocular surface evaluation tests, Schirmer\u2019s I test, TBUT, corneal and conjunctival staining score, OSDI score, and conjunctival hyperemia score. Ocular surface imaging using LipiView and ocular surface analyzer imaging for non-invasive TBUT (NITBUT), meibomian gland, and tear imaging was performed for the OSIG treatment cohort. Study characteristics were evaluated at time of recruitment into the study (baseline visit) and at serial follow-up of months 3, 6, and 12 in OSIG treatment group and follow-up at month 6 in conventional treatment group. Treatment grading score was devised in accordance to the frequency of application of lubricants and steroids and potency of steroids.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Our study of 71 eyes of 36 patients [mean age 39 \u00b1 11.80 years] in OSIG treatment cohort group and 64 eyes of 32 patients [mean age 40 \u00b1 11.53 years] in conventional treatment cohort group observed a significant reduction in the objective ocular surface symptom assessment parameters of OSDI scores, and dry eye severity level with improvement in clinical assessment parameters of TBUT, ocular surface staining scores, and conjunctival hyperemia grades in eyes on adjunct OSIG treatment cohort as compared to the conventional therapy cohort. The frequency of topical lubricants and steroids along with the potency of steroids used showed a decreasing trend with 45.28% noted to have become free of steroid dependence at the end of 12 months of OSIG therapy. Adjunct topical IgG therapy also enabled the shifting of 37.14% of eyes from higher to lower potency steroids by the end of 12 months of treatment with OSIG therapy. The frequency of administration of lubricants decreased in 83.33% of eyes 12 months follow-up. The success rate determined based on improvement in ocular surface evaluation was 75.76%, treatment scores improved in 74.98%, and symptoms evaluation (OSDI) was 75.76% in the OSIG therapy cohort.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Topical immunoglobulin IgG 0.4% as adjunct therapy seems to have a definitive role in reducing topical steroid and lubricant dependency in moderate to severe chronic DED compared to conventional therapy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_608_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T09:04:21Z","timestamp":1743325461000},"page":"610-620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Adjunct Topical Human Immunoglobulin IgG Therapy in Dry Eye Disease"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Murugesan","family":"Vanathi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornea and Ocular Surface, Cataract and Refractive Services, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livia","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornea and Ocular Surface, Cataract and Refractive Services, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thirumurthy","family":"Velpandian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Pharmacology Services, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Dubey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Pharmacology Services, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noopur","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornea and Ocular Surface, Cataract and Refractive Services, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tulika","family":"Seth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoranjan","family":"Mahapatra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maroof Ahmed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dry Eye and oGVHD Clinic, University of Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Chicago, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radhika","family":"Tandon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornea and Ocular Surface, Cataract and Refractive Services, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.03.010","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contribute to pathological changes of ocular graft-vs-host disease (oGVHD) dry eye: Implications for novel biomarkers and therapeutic strategies","volume":"17","author":"An","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"R2-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.004","article-title":"Pathological consequences of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in tear fluid and therapeutic potential of pooled human immune globulin-eye drops in dry eye disease","volume":"18","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"R3-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.001","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Diagnostic Methodology report","volume":"15","author":"Wolffsohn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"R4-20260422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000214802.40313.fa","article-title":"Dysfunctional tear syndrome. 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