{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:21:56Z","timestamp":1787757716018,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"\n Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n To analyze whether photoscreening can effectively detect amblyogenic risk factors in children with neurodevelopmental disability.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A prospective study of 52 children attending a special school for children with neurodevelopmental disability from December 2017 to May 2018. All were initially tested with a photoscreening device: Welch Allyn\u00ae Spot\u00ae Vision Screener: model VS100 (Spot\u00ae) and further evaluated at a later date by a pediatric ophthalmologist, with a complete ocular evaluation including squint assessment, cycloplegic retinoscopy, and dilated fundus examination. The key parameters studied were demographic features, type of neurodevelopmental disability, refraction, ocular alignment, media clarity, any other ocular morbidity, and time taken for examination. The presence of amblyogenic risk factors (ARF) was analyzed as per the 2013 guidelines of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n The mean age was 10.5 years (range: 1\u201317.5 years). Males (73.1%) outnumbered females (26.9%). The most common neurodevelopmental disability was cerebral palsy. Simple myopic astigmatism was the most common type of refractive error. Presence of ARF in our study was 73.1%. The sensitivity and specificity of photoscreening in detecting ARF were 96.5% and 63.61%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 80% and negative predictive value of 92.31%. The predictive ability of photoscreening was 79.9% as per the area under curve. The average time taken for photoscreening was less than 60 s.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Photoscreening can detect ARF with high sensitivity and reasonable specificity and is a handy, useful, and time-saving tool in screening children with neurodevelopmental disability.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_672_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T06:00:43Z","timestamp":1640584843000},"page":"228-232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Can photoscreening effectively detect amblyogenic risk factors in children with neurodevelopmental disability?"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"R","family":"Neena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus and Neuro-Ophthalmology, Kochi, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjana","family":"Gopan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, Giridhar Eye Institute, Kochi, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayshathu","family":"Nasheetha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, Giridhar Eye Institute, Kochi, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anantharaman","family":"Giridhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Director, Giridhar Eye Institute, Kochi, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2006.00867.x","article-title":"Visual dysfunctions and ocular disorders in children with developmental delay. I. prevalence, diagnoses and aetiology of visual impairment","volume":"85","author":"Nielsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"B2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1993.tb00465.x","article-title":"Ophthalmic assessment of physically disabled children attending a rehabilitation school","volume":"29","author":"Flett","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"B3-20240828","article-title":"Guidelines for automated preschool vision screening:A 10-year, evidence-based update on behalf of the AAPOS Vision Screening Committee","author":"Donahue","year":"2012","journal-title":"Presented at the 38th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, San Antonio, Texas, March 24-28"},{"key":"B5-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2014.07.176","article-title":"The effectiveness of the Spot Vision Screener in detecting amblyopia risk factors","volume":"18","author":"Peterseim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"B6-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.11.019","article-title":"Performance of the Spot vision screener for the detection of amblyopia risk factors in children","volume":"18","author":"Silbert","year":"2014","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"B7-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2015.08.002","article-title":"Evaluation of the spot vision screener in young children in Costa Rica","volume":"19","author":"Mendez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"B8-20240828","first-page":"476","article-title":"Validation of spot screening device for amblyopia risk factors","volume":"18","author":"Gary","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAAPOS"},{"key":"B9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20131223-02","article-title":"Performance of four new photoscreeners on pediatric patients with high risk amblyopia","volume":"51","author":"Arnold","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"B10-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12286","article-title":"Profile of refractive errors in European Caucasian children with autistic spectrum disorder;increased prevalence and magnitude of astigmatism","volume":"36","author":"Anketell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"B11-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2017.04.008","article-title":"Use of the spot vision screener for patients with developmental disability","volume":"21","author":"Marzolf","year":"2017","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"B12-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20130326-01","article-title":"Amblyopia risk factor prevalence","volume":"50","author":"Arnold","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_672_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:50:22Z","timestamp":1787755822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_672_21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_672_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-03-25","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-27","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}