{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T23:48:49Z","timestamp":1790034529750,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study is to measure retinal vessel density and flow rate area by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients with autoimmune diseases taking hydroxychloroquine (HCQ).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cross-sectional study included 98 patients divided into three groups. Group I included patients with the diagnosis of an autoimmune disease, for whom the introduction of HCQ was planned. Group II implied low-risk patients for retinal toxicity (\u22645 years of HCQ use), whereas Group III implied patients that were at high-risk (&gt;5 years of drug use). All patients underwent a computerized visual field, central macular thickness by optical coherence tomography, and OCTA measurements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The vascular density was found to be statistically significantly decreased in the high-risk group compared to the control group in the superficial parafoveal zone (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.030), whereas it was decreased compared to the low-risk and control groups in the deep layers whole (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.006,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.010, respectively) and perifoveal zones (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.003,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.010, respectively). The foveal avascular zone was significantly enlarged in the high-risk group compared to the control (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.018). Retinal flow rates did not show statistically significant differences between the groups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients treated with HCQ for more than 5 appear have a significant loss of vascular density in the parafoveal and perifoveal regions, and FAZ area is significantly increased compared to low-risk patients and controls. These findings indicate that OCTA may be beneficial for monitoring high-risk patients and may stratify their risk of further retinal damage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_740_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T12:14:28Z","timestamp":1695298468000},"page":"3399-3405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Optical coherence tomography angiography parameters in patients taking hydroxychloroquine therapy"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Jelena B","family":"Vasilijevi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Eye Diseases, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor M.","family":"Kova\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Eye Diseases, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Risimi\u0107","family":"Dijana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Eye Diseases, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bojana","family":"Da\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Eye Diseases, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gorica","family":"Mari\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Stanojlovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Eye Diseases, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.298","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy","volume":"31","author":"Yusuf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"R2-20251009","first-page":"322","article-title":"Retinal toxicity associated with chronic exposure to hydroxychloroquine and its ocular screening. 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