{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T18:13:47Z","timestamp":1788804827648,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the causes, associated neurological and ocular findings in children with cerebral visual impairment (CVI), and to identify risk factors for severe vision impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multicenter, retrospective, cross-sectional analysis was carried out from January 2017 to December 2019 on patients less than 16 years of age with a diagnosis of CVI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 405 patients were included of which 61.2% were male and 38.8% were female. The median age at presentation was 4 years (range 3 months to 16 years). Antenatal risk factors were present in 14% of the cases. The most common cause of CVI was hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (35.1%), followed by seizure associated with brain damage (31.3%). The most common neurological finding was seizure (50.4%), followed by cerebral palsy (13.6%). Associated ophthalmological findings were significant refractive error (63.2%), esotropia (22.2%), exotropia, (38%), nystagmus (33.3%), and optic nerve atrophy (25.9%). Severe visual impairment (&lt;20\/200) was associated with optic atrophy (odds ratio: 2.9, 95% confidence interval: 1.4\u20136.0;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.003) and seizure disorder (odds ratio: 1.9, 95% confidence interval: 1.2\u20133.3;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.012).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The various ophthalmic, neurological manifestations and etiologies could guide the multidisciplinary team treating the child with CVI in understanding the visual impairment that affects the neuro development of the child and in planning rehabilitation strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_801_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T08:53:31Z","timestamp":1670316811000},"page":"4410-4415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Cerebral visual impairment in children: Multicentric study determining the causes, associated neurological and ocular findings, and risk factors for severe vision impairment"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Monalisa","family":"Mohapatra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chattisgarh, India"},{"name":"The Bodhya Eye Consortium, a. MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India, b. Dr. Shroff\u2019s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India, c. CL Gupta Eye Institute, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soveeta","family":"Rath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Dr. Shroff\u2019s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India"},{"name":"The Bodhya Eye Consortium, a. MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India, b. Dr. Shroff\u2019s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India, c. CL Gupta Eye Institute, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, CL Gupta Eye Institute, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India"},{"name":"The Bodhya Eye Consortium, a. MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India, b. Dr. Shroff\u2019s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India, c. CL Gupta Eye Institute, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chattisgarh, India"},{"name":"The Bodhya Eye Consortium, a. MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India, b. Dr. Shroff\u2019s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India, c. CL Gupta Eye Institute, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupali","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Dr. Shroff\u2019s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India"},{"name":"The Bodhya Eye Consortium, a. MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India, b. Dr. Shroff\u2019s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India, c. CL Gupta Eye Institute, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameer","family":"Sutar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, CL Gupta Eye Institute, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India"},{"name":"The Bodhya Eye Consortium, a. MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India, b. Dr. Shroff\u2019s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India, c. CL Gupta Eye Institute, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anupam","family":"Sahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chattisgarh, India"},{"name":"The Bodhya Eye Consortium, a. MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India, b. Dr. Shroff\u2019s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India, c. CL Gupta Eye Institute, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veenu","family":"Maan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, CL Gupta Eye Institute, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India"},{"name":"The Bodhya Eye Consortium, a. MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India, b. Dr. Shroff\u2019s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India, c. CL Gupta Eye Institute, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suma","family":"Ganesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Dr. Shroff\u2019s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India"},{"name":"The Bodhya Eye Consortium, a. MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India, b. Dr. Shroff\u2019s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India, c. CL Gupta Eye Institute, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.6.670","article-title":"Chronic cortical visual impairment in children:Etiology, prognosis, and associated neurological deficits","volume":"83","author":"Huo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R2-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700364","article-title":"Visual function in the brain-damaged child","volume":"17","author":"Hoyt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R3-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-306737","article-title":"Changing trends over the last decade in the aetiology of childhood blindness:A study from a tertiary referral centre","volume":"100","author":"Ozturk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R4-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2214.2003.00369.x","article-title":"Visual impairment in childhood:Insights from a community based survey","volume":"29","author":"Flanagan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"key":"R5-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.74.4.299","article-title":"Vision impairment in Liverpool:Prevalence and morbidity","volume":"74","author":"Rogers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"R6-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.80.1.49","article-title":"Incidence of registered visual impairment in the Nordic child population","volume":"80","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R8-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.9.1215","article-title":"Development of visual acuity in children with cerebral visual impairment","volume":"123","author":"Lim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R9-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410210207","article-title":"Cortical blindness:Etiology, diagnosis, and prognosis","volume":"21","author":"Aldrich","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R10-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-8531(99)70091-1","article-title":"Childhood blindness","volume":"3","author":"Steinkuller","year":"1999","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"R11-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.3.263","article-title":"Childhood blindness in India:A population based perspective","volume":"87","author":"Dandona","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R12-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1454_19","article-title":"Prevalence of ocular morbidities among school children in Raipur district, India","volume":"68","author":"Agrawal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R13-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2076_18","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of childhood blindness in India:A systematic review","volume":"68","author":"Wadhwani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R14-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(94)90073-6","article-title":"Cortical visual impairment in children:A major review","volume":"38","author":"Good","year":"1994","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R15-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1274_17","article-title":"Cerebral visual impairment in children:Causes and associated ophthalmological problems","volume":"66","author":"Pehere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R16-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2007.01.122","article-title":"Cortical visual impairment:Etiology, associated findings, and prognosis in a tertiary care setting","volume":"11","author":"Khetpal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"R17-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20190610-01","article-title":"Predisposing factors, ophthalmic manifestations, and radiological findings in children with cerebral visual impairment","volume":"56","author":"Ganesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"R19-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.136168","article-title":"Measuring cataract surgical services in children:An example from Tanzania","volume":"92","author":"Courtright","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R20-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091462","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2091462","article-title":"Female gender remains a significant barrier to access cataract surgery in South Asia:A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2020","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R21-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01007796","article-title":"Post-traumatic transient cortical blindness","volume":"17","author":"Rodriguez","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R22-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01959090","article-title":"Cortical visual impairment following bacterial meningitis:Magnetic resonance imaging and visual evoked potentials findings in two cases","volume":"151","author":"Thun-Hohenstein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"R23-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.04.008","article-title":"The inter-relationships between cerebral visual impairment, autism and intellectual disability","volume":"114","author":"Chokron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"R24-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562251","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.562251","article-title":"Clinical aspects of neonatal hypoglycemia:A mini review","volume":"8","author":"Edwards","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"R25-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1988.116","article-title":"Is the geniculostriate system a prerequisite for nystagmus?","volume":"2","author":"Fielder","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"R26-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.9.1026","article-title":"Nystagmus in periventricular leukomalacia","volume":"82","author":"Jacobson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R27-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.11.1225","article-title":"Cortically visually impaired children:A need for more study","volume":"82","author":"Hoyt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_801_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:59:11Z","timestamp":1786647551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_801_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_801_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-03-28","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-08-27","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}