{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:44:13Z","timestamp":1787071453510,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the hospital-based prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) among children aged 4 to 18 years and to identify associated risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective observational case series was conducted at a tertiary care center. A total of 1,420 pediatric patients attending the ophthalmology outpatient department were initially screened using a symptom-based questionnaire. Those with suggestive symptoms underwent further evaluation, including the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), Schirmer\u2019s test, tear film break-up time (TBUT), fluorescein and lissamine green staining, and a comprehensive ocular examination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the total 1420 children, 124 reported symptoms consistent with DED, and 108 (7.60%) were confirmed to have dry eye. The male-to-female ratio was 2.08:1, with a mean age of 11.40 \u00b1 3.86 years. Among affected children, 85.18% had OSDI scores between 33 and 100, and 14.81% scored between 23 and 32. Notably, 46.29% of patients used smartphones, 68.04% watched television for 1\u20132 h daily, and 63.88% were diagnosed with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Comorbidities included hematological malignancies (n = 3) and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (n = 1). The mean Schirmer\u2019s test values were 30.33 \u00b1 8.05 mm (right eye [RE]) and 30.68 \u00b1 8.03 mm (left eye [LE]). The mean TBUT was 6.66 \u00b1 2.32 s (RE) and 7.53 \u00b1 3.16 s (LE). Most patients (92.59%) had evaporative DED, while 7.40% had the mixed type.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DED should be considered in children presenting with nonspecific ocular complaints. Evaporative dry eye in this population is strongly associated with allergic conjunctivitis and prolonged use of digital devices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_819_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T19:01:11Z","timestamp":1764010871000},"page":"1819-1823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pediatric dry eye: A hospital-based study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Snehal","family":"Thakre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, MGM Medical College and Hospital, (A Constituent Unit of MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai), Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaishnavi","family":"Wankhede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, MGM Medical College and Hospital, (A Constituent Unit of MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai), Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradnya","family":"Deshmukh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, MGM Medical College and Hospital, (A Constituent Unit of MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai), Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyotika","family":"Mishrikotkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, MGM Medical College and Hospital, (A Constituent Unit of MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai), Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarika","family":"Gadekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, MGM Medical College and Hospital, (A Constituent Unit of MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai), Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Definition and classification report","volume":"15","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf J"},{"key":"R2-20260419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2023.12.001","article-title":"Dry eye disease in the young: A narrative review","volume":"31","author":"Stapleton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"R3-20260419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002014","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2024-002014","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye disease in Children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R5-20260419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_698_17","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye disease in North India: Ocular surface disease index-based cross-sectional hospital study","volume":"66","author":"Titiyal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R6-20260419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.07.019","article-title":"Dry eye disease in children and adolescents in India","volume":"18","author":"Donthineni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"R7-20260419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.7869\/djo.544","article-title":"Evaluation of the prevalence and risk factors of dry eye in young population","volume":"30","author":"Bhatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"DJO"},{"key":"R8-20260419","first-page":"596","article-title":"Tear film dysfunction","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dry Eye Disease-Postgraduate Ophthalmology. 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