{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:35:06Z","timestamp":1787787306601,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of myopia at the community level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A population-based, cross-sectional study was planned in 40 clusters among children identified with subnormal vision in the urban community of Delhi. House-to-house visits were conducted for visual acuity screening of 20,000 children aged 0\u201315 years using age appropriate visual acuity charts. All the children with visual acuity of &lt; 6\/12 in any eye in the age group between 3 and 15 years and inability to follow light in age group 0\u20133 years were referred for detailed ophthalmic examination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 13,572 (64.7%) children belonged to the age group of 6\u201315 years. Of these, a total of 507 (3.7%) were found to be having myopia (spherical equivalent of -0.50 DS or worse in one or both eyes) with positive association with higher age groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The estimated prevalence of myopia is 3.7%; the proportion of uncorrected myopia was 45%, which reflects that refractive error services need to be improved further.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.ijo_974_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T08:01:36Z","timestamp":1645776096000},"page":"939-943","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Myopia prevalence in a population-based childhood visual impairment study in North India - CHVI-2"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Meenakshi","family":"Wadhwani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Ophthalmology, Chacha Nehru Bal Chikitsalya, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen","family":"Vashist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Ophthalmology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suraj Senjam","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Ophthalmology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Ophthalmology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noopur","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornea and Anterior Segment, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Saxena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophthalmology and Strabismus, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1-20240828","first-page":"545","article-title":"Population based assessment of childhood blindness in Southern India","volume":"116","author":"Dandona","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B2-20240828","first-page":"623","article-title":"Refractive error in children in an urban population in New Delhi","volume":"43","author":"Murthy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B3-20240828","first-page":"615","article-title":"Refractive error in children in an rural population in India","volume":"43","author":"Dandona","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B4-20240828","first-page":"129","article-title":"Visual impairment in school children in southern India","volume":"45","author":"Kalikivayi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"s1","key":"B5-20240828","article-title":"Prevalance of refractiveerrorsin children(agegroup7\u201315years)of rural and urban area of gujarat: A populationbasedstudy","volume":"8","author":"Trivedi","year":"2006","journal-title":"IndianJournalofAppliedBasicMedicalSciences"},{"key":"B6-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00455-9","article-title":"Refractive error study in children: Sampling and measurement methods for a multi-country survey","volume":"129","author":"Negrel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B7-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00453-5","article-title":"Refractive error study in children: Results from Mechi Zone, Nepal","volume":"129","author":"Pokharel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B8-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0117349","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117349","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia and its risk factors in urban school children in Delhi: The North India Myopia Study (NIM Study)","volume":"10","author":"Saxena","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0189774","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189774","article-title":"Incidence and progression of myopia and associated risk factors in urban school children in Delhi: The North India Myopia Study (NIM study)","volume":"12","author":"Saxena","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B10-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.112436","article-title":"Is myopia a public health problem","volume":"38","author":"Saxena","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"key":"B11-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.158841","article-title":"Preventing childhood blindness synergy between ophthalmology and community medicine","volume":"40","author":"Saxena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"key":"B13-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_288_19","article-title":"Socioeconomic status scales-modified Kuppuswamy and Udai Pareekh's scale updated for 2019","volume":"8","author":"Wani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"B14-20240828","first-page":"S301","article-title":"The association between parental myopia, near work, and children's refractive error","volume":"42","author":"Zadnik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B15-20240828","first-page":"173","article-title":"Cost effective screening of school children for refractive errors","volume":"16","author":"Limburg","year":"1995","journal-title":"World Health Forum"},{"key":"B17-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60272-4","article-title":"Myopia","volume":"379","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B18-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.256","article-title":"Myopia, an underrated global challenge to vision: Where the current data takes us on myopia control","volume":"28","author":"Holden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"B19-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2021.1894580","article-title":"Myopia, melatonin and conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence: A comparative cross-sectional study in Indian Myopes","volume":"46","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"B20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B21-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10803","article-title":"Effect of time spent outdoors at school on the development of myopia among children in China: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"314","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B22-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.12.019","article-title":"Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children","volume":"115","author":"Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B23-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.4.527","article-title":"Myopia, lifestyle, and schooling in students of Chinese ethnicity in Singapore and Sydney","volume":"126","author":"Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B24-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7169","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8336","article-title":"Time outdoors, visual activity, and myopia progression in juvenile-onset myopes","volume":"53","author":"Jones-Jordan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B25-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3129\/i09-030","article-title":"A comparative clinical survey of the prevalence of refractive error and eye diseases in urban and rural school children","volume":"44","author":"Uzma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B26-20240828","first-page":"374","article-title":"A prevalence study on myopia? among school going children in a rural area of South India","volume":"25","author":"Rajendran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Clin Pract"},{"key":"B27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2076_18","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of childhood blindness in India: A systematic review","volume":"68","author":"Wadhwani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0240750","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240750","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia in Indian school children: Meta-analysis of last four decades","volume":"15","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLos One"},{"key":"B29-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2408_20","article-title":"A population-based study on the prevalence and causes of childhood blindness and visual impairment in North India","volume":"69","author":"Wadhwani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_974_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:10:42Z","timestamp":1787771442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_974_21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.ijo_974_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4738","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3689","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-04-29","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-26","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}