{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:31:58Z","timestamp":1787070718635,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a global health concern affecting various professions, particularly manual laborers, such as brick kiln workers (BkWs) predominantly in South Asia. However, limited research has been conducted on the prevalence of MSDs and associated risk factors among BkW. This study aims to determine the prevalence of MSDs among BkW and identify associated risk factors. We used a systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis (MA) to synthesize the existing literature on the MSDs of BkW. The Boolean search technique was used to extract sources from electronic databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science). Only peer-reviewed research articles on work-related MSDs (WMSDs) of BkW in the English language have been considered. We calculated the standard error and prevalence rate of MSDs in each body part for the MA. Our initial search yielded 40 articles, of which 13 were eligible for SR and 11 for MA. The majority of studies stemmed from India, and few from Nepal and Pakistan. The highest WMSDs were found to be lower back (76.27%; 95% CI 66.15\u201386.40), shoulders (61.91%; 95% CI 46.62\u201377.19), wrist\/hand (59.94%; 95% CI 45.30\u201374.58), and knees (55.55%; 95% CI 36.93\u201374.18) among BkW. The significant risk factors for WMSDs included low body mass index (BMI), age, sex, posture, repetition, working duration, and experience. BKWs had high prevalence outcomes on WMSDs in the lower back, shoulders, knees, and wrists but the evidence for risk factors related to MSDs was low in these studies. Further research and preventive measures are crucial for safeguarding the health and well-being of these workers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoem.ijoem_158_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T16:00:25Z","timestamp":1761235225000},"page":"4-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence and Risk Factors of Musculoskeletal Disorders among South Asian Brick Kiln Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Mantu","family":"Paira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Natural and Applied Science, Raja Narendra Lal Khan Women\u2019s College, Midnapore, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bela","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PG Department of Geography, Raja Narendra Lal Khan Women\u2019s College, Midnapore, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e062183","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-062183","article-title":"Global burden of musculoskeletal disorders and attributable factors in 204 countries and territories: A secondary analysis of the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"R2-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2022.105868","article-title":"Causative and risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders among mine workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"155","author":"Murtoja","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"key":"R3-20251023","first-page":"220","article-title":"Towards a user-specific ergonomics-based approach for an activity assessment tool","author":"Martins","year":"2023","journal-title":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Autonomous Robot Systems and Competitions (ICARSC), IEEE"},{"key":"R4-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2020.103040","article-title":"Improved work organization to increase the productivity in manual brick manufacturing unit of West Bengal, India","volume":"81","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Ind Ergon"},{"key":"R5-20251023","first-page":"497","article-title":"Analysing the prevalence of occupational risk among workers involved in traditional clay brick manufacturing tasks, Ergonomics for Improved Productivity: Proceedings of HWWE 2017, Springer, Singapore","author":"Sain","year":"2021"},{"key":"R6-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2020.102933","article-title":"Quantitative and qualitative assessment of musculoskeletal disorders and socioeconomic issues of workers of brick industry in Pakistan","volume":"76","author":"Ijaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Ind Ergon"},{"key":"R8-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2021\/v33i36B31952","article-title":"Work related musculoskeletal disorders in brick kiln workers: A review","volume":"33","author":"Niketa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pharm Res Int"},{"key":"R9-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5278.123170","article-title":"Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among brick kiln workers in rural southern India","volume":"17","author":"Inbaraj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"R10-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1108\/IJWHM-05-2018-0061","article-title":"Exploring the musculoskeletal problems and associated risk-factors among brick kiln workers","volume":"11","author":"Sain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Workplace Health Manag"},{"key":"R11-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration","volume":"62","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"R12-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.03.001","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"134","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"R13-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014A web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"R14-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011458","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011458","article-title":"Development of a critical appraisal tool to assess the quality of cross-sectional studies (AXIS)","volume":"6","author":"Downes","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"R15-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0084-3","article-title":"The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running: A systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Hall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"R16-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/19338244.2013.771249","article-title":"Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among the brick field workers of West Bengal, India","volume":"69","author":"Das","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Environ Occup Health"},{"key":"R17-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.2478\/s13382-014-0262-z","article-title":"Assessment of occupational health problems and physiological stress among the brick field workers of West Bengal, India","volume":"27","author":"Das","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health"},{"key":"R18-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/s12199-015-0476-0","article-title":"An evaluation of low back pain among female brick field workers of West Bengal, India","volume":"20","author":"Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"key":"R19-20251023","first-page":"138","article-title":"Epidemiology of work-related musculoskeletal symptoms and illnesses among brick kiln workers in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal","volume":"16","author":"Sanjel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ Med J"},{"key":"R20-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihy071","article-title":"Health hazards and risks for musculoskeletal problems among child labourers in the brickfield sector of West Bengal, India","volume":"11","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"key":"R21-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.2018-0096","article-title":"Identifying musculoskeletal issues and associated risk factors among clay brick kiln workers","volume":"57","author":"Sain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind Health"},{"key":"R22-20251023","first-page":"389","article-title":"Gender differences in prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and physiological stress among the brick field workers of West Bengal, India","volume":"63","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOS Press"},{"key":"R23-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.47203\/IJCH.2019.v31i02.010","article-title":"Assessment of work-related musculoskeletal morbidity, perceived causes and preventive activities practiced to reduce morbidity among brick field workers","volume":"31","author":"Khanam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Community Health"},{"key":"R24-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2021.100861","article-title":"Treatment seeking behavior and level of treatment among brick kiln workers: A Study in Azamgarh District, Uttar Pradesh","volume":"12","author":"Shrestha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"R25-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1177\/07482337211025366","article-title":"Assessment of ergonomic exposure, work-related occupational injuries, and prevention: Child work in the brickfield industry in India","volume":"37","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol Ind Health"},{"key":"R26-20251023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2022.105868","article-title":"Causative and risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders among mine workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"155","author":"Murtoja","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saf Sci"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijoem.ijoem_158_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:35:20Z","timestamp":1787067320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijoem.ijoem_158_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijoem.ijoem_158_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0973-2284","1998-3670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0973-2284","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-18","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-15","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}