{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T02:35:01Z","timestamp":1794450901438,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the predictors of workplace violence amongst healthcare professionals is important to develop and implement prevention and mitigation strategies. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize the recent evidence on predictors of workplace violence across healthcare settings. The review has been done as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Two electronic databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) were used to search peer-reviewed studies published for the year 2009-2020 to identify studies reporting predictors of workplace violence. The significant predictors were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as proportions in most of the studies and some studies used inferential statistics such as logistic regression analysis, Chi-square test, ANOVA and Student's t-test. A total of 46 studies were identified and overall evidence was graded using an adapted GRADE approach. Some of the moderate quality predictors associated with workplace violence were the patient with a history of mental health disease, psychiatric setting, professional's gender and work experience and evening shift workers. Being a nurse was the only high-quality predictor. Healthcare professionals and administration can identify the predictors relevant to their setting to mitigate episodes of violence against healthcare personnel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoem.ijoem_164_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T06:38:53Z","timestamp":1671691133000},"page":"207-224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Identifying Predictors of Workplace Violence Against Healthcare Professionals: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Archana","family":"Kumari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piyush","family":"Ranjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddharth","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakshi","family":"Chopra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Home Science, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanveer","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Upendra","family":"Baitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010299","article-title":"Prevalence of Workplace Physical Violence against Health Care Professionals by Patients and Visitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Int","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R3-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e028465.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-028465","article-title":"Interventions to prevent aggression against doctors: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Raveel","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"R4-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.33.6.1148","article-title":"Workplace Violence Against Iranian Nurses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Azami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Violence Vict"},{"key":"R5-20250609","first-page":"e28734.","article-title":"A Systematic Literature Review: Workplace Violence Against Emergency Medical Services Personnel","volume":"5","author":"Pourshaikhian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Trauma Res"},{"key":"R6-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001345","article-title":"Organizational Determinants of Workplace Violence Against Hospital Workers","volume":"60","author":"Arnetz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"R8-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2017.7.34845","article-title":"Case-controlled Analysis of Patient-based Risk Factors for Assault in the Healthcare Workplace","volume":"18","author":"Claudius","year":"2017","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"R9-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2258-4","article-title":"Workplace violence against nurses in the Gambia: mixed methods design","volume":"17","author":"Sisawo","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Health Services Research"},{"key":"R10-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2017.04.002","article-title":"Workplace violence against nurses: A cross-sectional study","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"R11-20250609","first-page":"1636","article-title":"Occupational Violence against Brazilian Nurses","volume":"47","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"R12-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2018.01.003","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of workplace violence against nurses in a Chinese top-level teaching hospital: A cross-sectional study","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Nurs Res"},{"key":"R13-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5430870.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5430870","article-title":"Addressing Risks of Violence against Healthcare Staff in Emergency Departments: The Effects of Job Satisfaction and Attachment Style","volume":"2019","author":"Berlanda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"R14-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2015.06.005","article-title":"Emergency nurses' perspective of workplace violence in Jordanian hospitals: A national survey","volume":"24","author":"ALBashtawy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Emerg Nurs"},{"key":"R15-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2010.01.006","article-title":"Violence experienced by Turkish nursing students in clinical settings: their emotions and behaviors","volume":"30","author":"Celebio\u011flu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"R16-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S114870","article-title":"Workplace violence in different settings and among various health professionals in an Italian general hospital: a cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Ferri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag"},{"key":"R17-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-9066.180387","article-title":"Physical violence against health care workers: A nationwide study from Iran","volume":"21","author":"Fallahi-Khoshknab","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res"},{"key":"R18-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12112","article-title":"Prevalence and Perpetrators of Workplace Violence by Nursing Unit and the Relationship Between Violence and the Perceived Work Environment","volume":"47","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nurs Scholarship"},{"key":"R19-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2012.09.018","article-title":"Risk factors associated with patient and visitor violence in general hospitals: results of a multiple regression analysis","volume":"50","author":"Hahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"R20-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2017.09.013","article-title":"Incidence, Type, Related Factors, and Effect of Workplace Violence on Mental Health Nurses: A Cross-sectional Survey","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archives of Psychiatric Nursing"},{"key":"R21-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.15171\/ijoem.2019.1556","article-title":"Violence against Nurses: A Neglected and Health-threatening Epidemic in the University Affiliated Public Hospitals in Shiraz, Iran","volume":"10","author":"Honarvar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"R22-20250609","first-page":"e7","article-title":"Workplace Violence against Residents in Emergency Department and Reasons for not Reporting Them; a Cross Sectional Study","volume":"6","author":"Hedayati Emam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg (Tehran)"},{"key":"R23-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.4103\/jfcm.JFCM_170_17","article-title":"Violence towards healthcare workers: A study conducted in Abha City, Saudi Arabia","volume":"25","author":"Alsaleem","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Family Community Med"},{"key":"R24-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e3182028d55","article-title":"Workplace violence: prevalence and risk factors in the safe at work study","volume":"53","author":"Campbell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"R25-20250609","first-page":"156","article-title":"The Frequency, Contributing and Preventive Factors of Harassment towards Health Professionals in Iran","volume":"3","author":"Fallahi Khoshknab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery"},{"key":"R26-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.01.029","article-title":"Violence and abuse faced by junior physicians in the emergency department from patients and their caretakers: a nationwide study from Pakistan","volume":"42","author":"Mirza","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"R27-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13080811","article-title":"Concern about Workplace Violence and Its Risk Factors in Chinese Township Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"13","author":"Xing","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"R28-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/inr.12242","article-title":"Workplace violence against nursing staff in a Saudi university hospital","volume":"63","author":"Alkorashy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Nurs Rev"},{"key":"R29-20250609","first-page":"14","article-title":"Workplace Violence toward Physicians and Nurses: Prevalence and Correlates in Macau","author":"Cheung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R30-20250609","first-page":"LC06","article-title":"A Study of Workplace Violence Experienced by Doctors and Associated Risk Factors in a Tertiary Care Hospital of South Delhi, India","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"R31-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aenj.2017.05.005","article-title":"Antecedents and precipitants of patient-related violence in the emergency department: Results from the Australian VENT Study (Violence in Emergency Nursing and Triage)","volume":"20","author":"Pich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal"},{"key":"R32-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.12733","article-title":"Violence towards Emergency Nurses: The 2016 Italian National Survey-A cross-sectional study","volume":"27","author":"Ramacciati","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nurs Manag"},{"key":"R33-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2016.6.30446","article-title":"Workplace Violence and Harassment Against Emergency Medicine Residents","volume":"17","author":"Schnapp","year":"2016","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"R34-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143.","DOI":"10.4103\/ijph.IJPH_70_18","article-title":"Workplace violence against resident doctors: A multicentric study from government medical colleges of Uttar Pradesh","volume":"63","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"R35-20250609","first-page":"15","article-title":"Prevalence and Consequences of Aggression and Violence towards Nursing and Care Staff in Germany-A Survey","author":"Schablon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R36-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.177","article-title":"Workplace violence and risk for psychiatric morbidity among health workers in a tertiary health care setting in Nigeria: Prevalence and correlates","volume":"272","author":"Seun-Fadipe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"R37-20250609","first-page":"1355","article-title":"Workplace violence against doctors involved in clinical care at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan","volume":"69","author":"Zubairi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JPMA J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"R38-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304519","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Workplace Violence Against General Practitioners in Hubei, China","volume":"108","author":"Gan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"R39-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2048-7940.2010.tb00045.x","article-title":"Workplace violence in healthcare settings: risk factors and protective strategies","volume":"35","author":"Gillespie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rehabil Nurs"},{"key":"R40-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013105.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013105","article-title":"A cross\u2013sectional study on the prevalence and associated risk factors for workplace violence against Chinese nurses","volume":"7","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"R41-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14010096","article-title":"Workplace Violence against Health Care Workers in North Chinese Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Survey","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R42-20250609","first-page":"31","article-title":"Violence at work: determinants & prevalence among health care workers, northwest Ethiopia: an institutional based cross sectional study","author":"Yenealem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine [Internet]"},{"key":"R43-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12412","article-title":"Violence exposure and resulting psychological effects suffered by psychiatric visiting nurses in Japan","volume":"24","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"R44-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013568.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013568","article-title":"Workplace violence against physicians in Turkey's emergency departments: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"7","author":"Bayram","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"R45-20250609","article-title":"Workplace Violence in County Hospitals in Eastern China: Risk Factors and Hospital Attitudes","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"R46-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12272","article-title":"Occupational Violence and Aggression Experienced by Nursing and Caring Professionals","volume":"49","author":"Shea","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nurs Scholarsh"},{"key":"R47-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.18295\/squmj.2019.19.01.005","article-title":"Workplace Violence Against Nurses in Psychiatric Hospital Settings: Perspectives from Saudi Arabia","volume":"19","author":"Basfr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J"},{"key":"R49-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13019","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of factors that relate to aggression perpetrated against nurses by patients\/relatives or staff","volume":"25","author":"Edward","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"R50-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2017.07.003","article-title":"De-escalation of aggressive behaviour in healthcare settings: Concept analysis","volume":"75","author":"Hallett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"R51-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08708-3","article-title":"Workplace violence against hospital healthcare workers in China: a national WeChat-based survey","volume":"20","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R52-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2013.04.049","article-title":"Health Care Personnel and Workplace Violence in the Emergency Departments of a Volatile Metropolis: Results from Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"45","author":"Zafar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"R53-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4856-9","article-title":"Characteristics of aggressive incidents in emergency primary health care described by the Staff Observation Aggression Scale \u2013 Revised Emergency (SOAS-RE)","volume":"20","author":"Johnsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"R54-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-016-0162-6","article-title":"Prevalence of workplace violence in Northwest Ethiopia: a multivariate analysis","volume":"15","author":"Tiruneh","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Nursing"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijoem.ijoem_164_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:24:04Z","timestamp":1787837044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijoem.ijoem_164_21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijoem.ijoem_164_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["0973-2284","1998-3670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0973-2284","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-05-17","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-28","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}