{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:41:53Z","timestamp":1786650113492,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Air pollution, especially indoor air pollution, is increasingly recognized as a worldwide hazard that reduces life expectancy. Pollution caused by equipment such as surgical cautery is not just a nuisance but a workplace hazard that exposes the staff to respirable particulate matter and toxic chemical agents. It has not yet received much recognition in India, nor have mitigating measures like smoke evacuators and dedicated scavenging systems become prevalent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We aimed to do a prospective observational study of the extent of this hazard in the operation rooms in our tertiary care, Government-run hospital using a consumer-grade pollution measuring equipment (CAIR +\n                      <jats:sup>\u2122<\/jats:sup>\n                      , Prana Air, New Delhi). We measured and compared the particulate pollutant matter (PM) levels, Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC), formaldehyde, and carbon dioxide at multiple areas of interest at different time points.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The particulate pollution level in PM 1.0, PM 2.5, and PM 10 and TVOCs rose many times the baseline near the surgical team during cautery use. It remained high near the anesthesia workstation. The median PM 2.5 level in \u00b5g\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      (micrograms\/cubic meter) was 181 near the surgical team during cautery use, and it was 25 at the anesthesia workstation. This peak level was 30 times the basal level of 6 \u00b5g\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      at the start of the day and was above the annual population-weighted mean PM 2\u00b75 breakpoint of 40 \u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      recommended by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards in India.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pollution levels increase dramatically when surgical cautery is used, potentially exposing the team to large peak elevations in particulate matter and TVOCs. We recommend the mandatory use of smoke evacuators and optimization of the air conditioning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoem.ijoem_200_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]],"date-time":"2023-12-31T03:00:26Z","timestamp":1703991626000},"page":"310-316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Estimating Air Pollution in Operation Rooms Generated from Cautery, Drills, and Other Equipment, Utilizing a Particulate Counter and Gas Analyzer"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Rajana S.","family":"Rao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Medical Sciences (General Surgery), JIPMER, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gopalakrishnan Madhavan","family":"Sasiharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, JIPMER, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachit","family":"Ganapathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, JIPMER, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(89)70146-8","article-title":"Infectious papillomavirus in the vapor of warts treated with carbon dioxide laser or electrocoagulation: Detection and protection","volume":"21","author":"Sawchuk","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"R2-20260429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezy356","article-title":"Surgical smoke: Still an underestimated health hazard in the operating theatre","volume":"55","author":"Kocher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"R3-20260429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/mew006","article-title":"Performance of facepiece respirators and surgical masks against surgical smoke: Simulated workplace protection factor study","volume":"60","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"R4-20260429","journal-title":"RevisedGuidelines_AirConditioning.pdf"},{"key":"R5-20260429","journal-title":"Ventilation_for_Acceptable_Indoor_Air_Qu ANSI ASHRAE standard 62.1 2019.pdf"},{"key":"R6-20260429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312093292401","article-title":"An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities","volume":"329","author":"Dockery","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R7-20260429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(18)30261-4","article-title":"The impact of air pollution on deaths, disease burden, and life expectancy across the states of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"3","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"R8-20260429","article-title":"Revised National Ambient Air Quality Standards, Notification"},{"key":"R9-20260429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(81)90120-8","article-title":"Mutagenicity of smoke condensates induced by CO2-laser irradiation and electrocauterization","volume":"89","author":"Tomita","year":"1981","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"R10-20260429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1007\/s004649900771","article-title":"Chemical composition of smoke produced by high-frequency electrosurgery in a closed gaseous environment. 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Direct effects of low-to-moderate CO2 concentrations on human decision-making performance","volume":"120","author":"Satish","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"R14-20260429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.24230.2","article-title":"Workplace exposure to carbon dioxide during routine laparoscopy-Is it safe?","volume":"9","author":"Af Petersens","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"R15-20260429","article-title":"Carbon dioxide"},{"key":"R16-20260429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.285.6334.10","article-title":"Effect of ultraclean air in operating rooms on deep sepsis in the joint after total hip or knee replacement: A randomised study","volume":"285","author":"Lidwell","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"R17-20260429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S002221512000239X","article-title":"Quantification of biomaterial dispersion during otologic procedures and role of barrier drapes in Covid 2019 era \u2013 A laboratory model","volume":"134","author":"Lokesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijoem.ijoem_200_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:03:04Z","timestamp":1786647784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijoem.ijoem_200_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijoem.ijoem_200_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["0973-2284","1998-3670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0973-2284","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-07-25","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-27","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}