{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:48:14Z","timestamp":1787071694168,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anthtacofibrosis is commonly seen in non-smoker elderly female with biomass fuel smoke exposure. The disease is commonly reported from rural area, where biomass fuel is use as primary source of heating\/cooking. Ladakh is a high altitude plateau with commonly using biomass fuel due to it geography and climatic condition. The study was done with aim to study the profile anthracofibrosis among patients of Ladakh.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a retrospective observational study conducted at a tertiary chest centre of India. We enrolled all cases of bronchoscopical confirmed anthracosis\/ anthracofibrosis of Ladakh. We review the patient\u2019s file and analysis for demographic profile, symptoms, clinical findings, X-ray chest, CECT, bronchoscopy, lung function parameters, cytology of BAL and bronchial biopsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study enrolled 26 confirm cases of anthracosis from Ladakh. The mean age was 63\u00b18.8 years with majority 17(65%) were female. The history of biomass fuel smoking exposure was found in all case with 15(58%) house maker by occupation. The most common symptoms were cough and breathlessness 85%. The history of hemoptysis was seen five and hoarseness in two cases. The spirometry was abnormal in 12(60%) patients with obstructive abnormality being the common type. The most common type of lung lesion on X-ray was nodules 22(85%) and reticular 16(62%) cases. On CT chest the most common lung abnormality was nodules seen in 24(92%) and calcified enlarged mediatinal lymph nodes 18(69%) cases. On bronchoscopy the multiple anthracotic pigmentations was found all and bilateral in 24(92%) cases with anatomical distortion of bronchial tree was seen in 16(62%) cases. The anthracotic pigment on histopathology specimen was found in 21(81%) cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anthracosis is seen to be a common environmental lung disease in Ladakh due to its geography and living style. The change in heating system should encourage to prevention. Bronchoscopy facility should available for confirm diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoem.ijoem_329_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T19:01:14Z","timestamp":1759258874000},"page":"211-216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Clinico-radiological and Bronchoscopic Profile of Bronchial Anthracofibrosis: An Environmental Lung Disease in Ladakh"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Sonam","family":"Spalgais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddharth R.","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parul","family":"Mrigpuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritu","family":"Kulshrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251013","first-page":"175","article-title":"What do we know about anthracofibrosis? 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