{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T21:29:43Z","timestamp":1790112583213,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Smartphone has become a very popular necessity among students. An individual has to look at their phone's small monitor and perform repetitive movements in an awkward posture for a prolonged duration.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To assess the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and associated risk factors in university students because of smartphone usage.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Subjects and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A cross-sectional study was conducted with 2000 university students using a semi-structured questionnaire comprising demographic profile, smartphone usage characteristics, presence of musculoskeletal pain, and specific area of pain according to the body region.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Among the 2000 students, 44.05% reported musculoskeletal pain. The most common sites of pain were the neck (34.2%), thumb (17.45%), lower back (16.7%), and elbow (16.6%). There was an association between prevalence of musculoskeletal pain with the size of the smartphone (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.005), the predominant purpose of smartphone usage (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.002), position preferred while using smartphone (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.000), and the level at which smartphone is held during usage (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the strongest predictor of musculoskeletal pain was the size of the smartphone.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n The study reported that the prevalence of pain in smartphone users is high with common sites being neck, thumb, and lower back region. Also, the size of the smartphone had a significant association with musculoskeletal pain.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoem.ijoem_351_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T02:41:49Z","timestamp":1641523309000},"page":"220-224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Musculoskeletal Pain and Risk Factors Associated with Smartphone Use in University Students"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Prachita P.","family":"Walankar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, MGM College of Physiotherapy, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manasi","family":"Kemkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, MGM School of Physiotherapy, MGMIHS, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aniket","family":"Govekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, MGM School of Physiotherapy, MGMIHS, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agasthya","family":"Dhanwada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, MGM School of Physiotherapy, MGMIHS, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250609","first-page":"182","article-title":"Examination of cell phone usage habits and purposes of education faculty students","volume":"10","author":"Arslan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Hum Sci"},{"key":"R2-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.5455\/bcp.20140710040824","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the smartphone addiction scale in a younger population","volume":"24","author":"Demirci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"R4-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.26.595","article-title":"The comparison of cervical repositioning errors according to smartphone addiction grades","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"R5-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2012.36.1.98","article-title":"The effect of the forward head posture on postural balance in long time computer-based worker","volume":"36","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"key":"R6-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40557-014-0022-3","article-title":"Musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremities due to extensive usage of hand held devices","volume":"26","author":"Sharan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"R7-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218957710002545","article-title":"Prevalence of cumulative trauma disorders in cell phone users","volume":"13","author":"Eapen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Res"},{"key":"R8-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2010.08.010","article-title":"Musculoskeletal symptoms among mobile hand-held device users and their relationship to device use: A preliminary study in a Canadian university population","volume":"42","author":"Berolo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"R9-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.7838\/jsebs.2012.17.1.039","article-title":"A study on elderly for improvement of usability on smart phone","volume":"17","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Soc e-Bus Stud"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"R10-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(97)90402-0","article-title":"Industrial rehabilitation medicine. 3. Case studies in upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders","volume":"78","author":"Weinstein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R11-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0181220","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181220","article-title":"The associations of mobile touch screen device use with musculoskeletal symptoms and exposures: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Toh","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R12-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2014.967311","article-title":"Head flexion angle while using a smartphone","volume":"58","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"R13-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.10.018","article-title":"Spinal kinematics during smartphone texting\u2013A comparison between young adults with and without chronic neck-shoulder pain","volume":"68","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"R14-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2012.07.008","article-title":"Risk factors for the onset of nonspecific low back pain in office workers: A systematic review of prospective cohort studies","volume":"35","author":"Janwantanakul","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"key":"R15-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(02)00036-4","article-title":"Head posture and loading of the cervical spine","volume":"33","author":"Bonney","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"R16-20250609","first-page":"277","article-title":"Assessment of stresses in the cervical spine caused by posture and position of the head","volume":"25","author":"Hansraj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg Technol Int"},{"key":"R17-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.1743","article-title":"The effects of smartphone use on upper extremity muscle activity and pain threshold","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"R18-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2015.1056237","article-title":"A comparison of muscle activity in using touchscreen smartphone among young people with and without chronic neck-shoulder pain","volume":"59","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"R19-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.24.1255","article-title":"Effects of the use of smartphones on pain and muscle fatigue in the upper extremity","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"R20-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-92841-6_522","article-title":"Thumb motion and typing forces during text messaging on a mobile phone.13th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering","volume":"23","author":"Ong","year":"2009","journal-title":"IFMBE Proc"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R21-20250609","first-page":"1145","article-title":"Risk factors and clinical features of text message injuries","volume":"41","author":"Sharan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"R22-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2008.11.010","article-title":"Thumb postures and physical loads during mobile phone use-A comparison of young adults with and without musculoskeletal symptoms","volume":"20","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"R23-20250609","first-page":"367","article-title":"Factors associated with neck disorders among university student smartphone users","volume":"61","author":"Namwongsa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"R24-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.03.003","article-title":"Mobile input device type, texting style and screen size influence upper extremity and trapezius muscle activity, and cervical posture while texting","volume":"50","author":"Kietrys","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"R25-20250609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2013.820844","article-title":"Holding a tablet computer with one hand: Effect of tablet design features on biomechanics and subjective usability among users with small hands","volume":"56","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ergonomics"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijoem.ijoem_351_20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:24:06Z","timestamp":1787837046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijoem.ijoem_351_20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijoem.ijoem_351_20","relation":{},"ISSN":["0973-2284","1998-3670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0973-2284","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-09-04","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-12","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}