{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T03:58:59Z","timestamp":1785211139419,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This scoping review aimed to explore and summarize the published evidence on yoga as an adjunctive intervention to standard rehabilitative care for individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). A comprehensive literature search was conducted across five databases \u2013 PubMed\/MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, ProQuest Health and Medicine Collection, Web of Science Core Collection, and CINAHL \u2013 using the terms \u201cDuchenne muscular dystrophy\u201d (or DMD) and \u201cyoga.\u201d Studies were included if they (1) were published between January 2000 and December 2024; (2) involved participants with DMD; (3) examined yoga as an intervention; (4) were peer-reviewed; and (5) were published in English. We used a standardized data extraction form to capture study characteristics, including authorship, publication year, sample size, participant demographics, intervention details, outcome measures, and main results. We assessed study quality with the Modified Downs and Black Checklist (MDBC). Six studies met the inclusion criteria. Five were rated as having fair quality (MDBC score: 15\u201317\/28), and one was rated as having poor quality (MDBC score: 3\/28). Yoga interventions incorporated\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">asanas<\/jats:italic>\n                    (postures),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">dhyana<\/jats:italic>\n                    (meditation), and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pranayama<\/jats:italic>\n                    (breathing practices). Outcome measures varied widely, encompassing mobility, self-care, comfort, heart rate variability, respiratory function, quality of life, and functional performance. Modest improvements were noted in pulmonary function and self-reported well-being; however, evidence remains limited and inconsistent. Current literature provides preliminary support for yoga as a complementary therapy in DMD rehabilitation. More rigorous, large-scale trials are needed to establish their efficacy and clinical relevance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoy.ijoy_64_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T19:00:22Z","timestamp":1784919622000},"page":"120-127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Yoga as an Adjunctive Intervention for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Roche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Care Sciences, Physical Therapy Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeep K.","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasanthan","family":"Rajagopalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, The Oxford College of Physiotherapy, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Chase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Library Department, Cuyamaca College, El Cajon, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohan","family":"Ganesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy Program, College of Rehabilitative Sciences, University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, San Marcos, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00248-3","article-title":"Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"7","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"R2-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07815-7","article-title":"The muscular dystrophies","volume":"359","author":"Emery","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R3-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1139\/Y09-058","article-title":"Calcium and the damage pathways in muscular dystrophy","volume":"88","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"R4-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03980-y","article-title":"The role of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex in muscle cell mechanotransduction","volume":"5","author":"Wilson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"R5-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134031","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/134031","article-title":"Distinct effects of contraction-induced injury in vivo on four different murine models of dysferlinopathy","volume":"2012","author":"Roche","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biomed Biotechnol"},{"key":"R6-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202213208","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.202213208","article-title":"Eccentric contraction-induced strength loss in dystrophin-deficient muscle: Preparations, protocols, and mechanisms","volume":"155","author":"Kiriaev","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"key":"R7-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-200556","article-title":"Mechanisms and clinical applications of glucocorticoid steroids in muscular dystrophy","volume":"8","author":"Quattrocelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuromuscul Dis"},{"key":"R8-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-0333D","article-title":"Rehabilitation management of the patient with duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"142","author":"Case","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R9-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30024-3","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 1: Diagnosis, and neuromuscular, rehabilitation, endocrine, and gastrointestinal and nutritional management","volume":"17","author":"Birnkrant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R10-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30025-5","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 2: Respiratory, cardiac, bone health, and orthopaedic management","volume":"17","author":"Birnkrant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R11-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2014.02.003","article-title":"Complementary and alternative medicine for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies: Characteristics of users and caregivers","volume":"51","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"R12-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073811426501","article-title":"Use of complementary and alternative medicine by males with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy","volume":"27","author":"Nabukera","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"R13-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-019-0789-2","article-title":"The effects of yoga compared to active and inactive controls on physical function and health related quality of life in older adults-systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"16","author":"Sivaramakrishnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"R14-20260728","first-page":"CD010346","article-title":"Yoga for asthma","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"R15-20260728","first-page":"CD010671","article-title":"Yoga for chronic non-specific low back pain","volume":"11","author":"Wieland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"R16-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-019-0846-5","article-title":"Yoga for osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Lauche","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"R17-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2021.103194","article-title":"PICO: What it is and what it is not","volume":"56","author":"Schiavenato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Pract"},{"key":"R18-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2535","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement","volume":"339","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R19-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"R20-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R21-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R27-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.52.6.377","article-title":"The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions","volume":"52","author":"Downs","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"R28-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097347","article-title":"The effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in common lower limb conditions: A systematic review including quantification of patient-rated pain reduction","volume":"52","author":"Korakakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"R29-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.78","article-title":"Systematic review of the methodological quality and outcome measures utilized in exercise interventions for adults with spinal cord injury","volume":"50","author":"Silverman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"R30-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l6890","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6890","article-title":"Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: Reporting guideline","volume":"368","author":"Campbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R31-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoy.IJOY_12_18","article-title":"Effect of yoga as an add-on therapy in the modulation of heart rate variability in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"12","author":"Pradnya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Yoga"},{"key":"R32-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoy.IJOY_49_20","article-title":"Effect of Yoga and physiotherapy on pulmonary functions in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy \u2013 A comparative study","volume":"14","author":"Dhargave","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Yoga"},{"key":"R33-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.26463\/rjpt.2_2_4","article-title":"Effect of physical therapy and yoga on quality of life in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy - A randomised comparative study","volume":"2","author":"Dhargave","year":"2022","journal-title":"RGUHS J Physiother"},{"key":"R34-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4103\/ijptr.ijptr_8_22","article-title":"Prognosis in the functional status of children with duchenne muscular dystrophy with physiotherapy and yoga exercise protocols \u2013 A randomized controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Dhargave","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Phys Ther Res"},{"key":"R35-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-37132014000200005","article-title":"Effects of yoga breathing exercises on pulmonary function in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: An exploratory analysis","volume":"40","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bras Pneumol"},{"key":"R36-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1075.84544","article-title":"Effect of yoga and Ayurveda on Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"17","author":"Telles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Palliat Care"},{"key":"R37-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoy.IJOY_78_20","article-title":"Yoga as a novel adjuvant therapy for patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"14","author":"Kong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Yoga"},{"key":"R38-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00536","article-title":"Eccentric muscle contractions: Risks and benefits","volume":"10","author":"Hody","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"R39-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00007.2015","article-title":"Absence of Dystrophin disrupts skeletal muscle signaling: Roles of Ca2+, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide in the development of muscular dystrophy","volume":"96","author":"Allen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"R40-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313496326","article-title":"Assisted bicycle training delays functional deterioration in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: The randomized controlled trial \u201cno use is disuse\u201d","volume":"27","author":"Jansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"R41-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27137","article-title":"Safety, feasibility, and efficacy of strengthening exercise in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"63","author":"Lott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"R42-20260728","first-page":"jrm00250","article-title":"Exercise training in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Hammer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"R43-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.33590\/emj\/XYIP3475","article-title":"Protecting and preserving dystrophic muscle: The balance between exercise and contraction-induced muscle injury","volume":"9","author":"Vissing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Med J"},{"key":"R44-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.1836408.204","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of aquatic exercises on a boy with Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"14","author":"Atamturk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Exerc Rehabil"},{"key":"R45-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-008-0010-4","article-title":"Treatment options for Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"10","author":"Ciafaloni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"R46-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2304","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012910","article-title":"Life expectancy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Reproduced individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Broomfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R47-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4300","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12372-7","article-title":"Respiratory comorbidities and treatments in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Impact on life expectancy and causes of death","volume":"271","author":"Wahlgren","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"R48-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8966(02)00140-2","article-title":"Survival in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Improvements in life expectancy since 1967 and the impact of home nocturnal ventilation","volume":"12","author":"Eagle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"R49-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S303","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-210678","article-title":"Gene therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"8","author":"Elangkovan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuromuscul Dis"},{"key":"R50-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(05)70126-5","article-title":"Yoga","volume":"26","author":"Garfinkel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"R51-20260728","first-page":"444","article-title":"Health impacts of yoga and pranayama: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"3","author":"Sengupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"R52-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143271","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/143271","article-title":"Guidelines for developing yoga interventions for randomized trials","volume":"2012","author":"Sherman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"R53-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2022.100620","article-title":"Methodological issues in conducting yoga- and meditation-based research: A narrative review and research implications","volume":"13","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ayurveda Integr Med"},{"key":"R54-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.2003.96.1.79","article-title":"Effect of yoga-based and forced uninostril breathing on the autonomic nervous system","volume":"96","author":"Raghuraj","year":"2003","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"R55-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.4103\/hm.HM-D-23-00063","article-title":"The Effect of Yoga Intervention on Psychological Symptoms, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in People with Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Neto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heart and Mind"},{"key":"R56-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573666","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.573666","article-title":"Muscle eccentric contractions increase in downhill and high-grade uphill walking","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"R57-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00258","article-title":"An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms","volume":"5","author":"Shaffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"R58-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2025.101189","article-title":"Impact of yoga on pulmonary functions in clinical population: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs)","volume":"16","author":"Rathore","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ayurveda Integr Med"},{"key":"R59-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-2210-6","article-title":"Pathomechanics of Gowers\u2019 sign: A video analysis of a spectrum of Gowers\u2019 maneuvers","volume":"470","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"R60-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2022.05.015","article-title":"Prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders in Duchenne and becker muscular dystrophies: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Pascual-Morena","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R61-20260728","first-page":"20","article-title":"Yoga for depression and anxiety: A review of published research and implications for healthcare providers","volume":"99","author":"Uebelacker","year":"2016","journal-title":"R I Med J (2013)"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Yoga"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.4103\/ijoy.ijoy_64_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T03:02:18Z","timestamp":1785207738000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.4103\/ijoy.ijoy_64_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijoy.ijoy_64_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0973-6131","2231-2714"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0973-6131","type":"print"},{"value":"2231-2714","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-07","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-12","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}