{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:19:21Z","timestamp":1787750361156,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The pharmacogenomics (PGx) discipline has played the pivotal role in the precision medicine by enabling the tailoring drug therapies to the genomic characteristics on an individual patient. This study reviewed PGx-guided dosing in the treatment of major diseases, such as cardiovascular, psychiatric, transplant, and oncologic. Data from randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and system reviews provided important insights. Several case reports indicated that genotype-guided drug prescription, indeed, helped to better select therapies for patients. For cardiovascular care specifically, warfarin and clopidogrel dosing, which were guided by PGx, was shown to work. Psychiatric cases supported better rates of remission and a lower number of side effects. The field of oncology demonstrates a marked reduction in the incidence of toxic reactions in chemotherapy regimens, whereas the field of transplant medicine had improved the management of immunosuppressants and the survival of grafts. Economic analyses further supported PGx testing, showing reduced hospitalizations and fewer treatment failures, thereby lowering healthcare costs. Although the clinical benefits of PGX-guided therapy were evident, several challenges limited its widespread adoption. These include inadequate clinical clinician training in consistent testing standards and gaps in infrastructure. Overcoming these barriers depended on advancements in decision support systems, machine learning applications, and the integration of multiomic data. Growing evidence from recent research has highlighted this shift, demonstrating how the PGx approach continues to evolve. Ultimately, PGF-guided dosing emerged not simply as a new technique but a promising pathway to improving patient outcomes, reducing healthcare costs, and shaping the future direction of personalized medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijp.ijp_1292_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T18:00:10Z","timestamp":1782410410000},"page":"332-341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effectiveness of pharmacogenomics-guided dosing in improving treatment outcomes"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"L. 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