{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:24:51Z","timestamp":1787772291726,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The virus known as monkeypox is the source of the zoonotic disease monkeypox, which was historically widespread in Central Africa and West Africa. The cases of monkeypox in humans are uncommon outside of West and Central Africa, but copious nonendemic nations outside of Africa have recently confirmed cases. People when interact with diseased animals, then, they may inadvertently contact monkeypox. There are two drugs in the market: brincidofovir and tecovirimat and both of these drugs are permitted for the cure of monkeypox by the US Food and Drug Administration. The present review summarizes the various parameters of monkeypox in context with transmission, signs and symptoms, histopathological and etiological changes, and possible treatment. Monkeypox is clinically similar to that of smallpox infection but epidemiologically, these two are different, the present study also signifies the main differences and similarities of monkeypox to that of other infectious diseases. As it is an emerging disease, it is important to know about the various factors related to monkeypox so as to control it on a very early stage of transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijp.ijp_156_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T11:51:27Z","timestamp":1714477887000},"page":"129-135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Monkeypox: A re-emerging disease"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Narinderpal","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jatin","family":"Dabar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Emerging Sciences, Baddi University, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pallavi","family":"Bassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutics, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240903","first-page":"593","article-title":"A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"46","author":"Ladnyj","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"R2-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.757","article-title":"Monkeypox zoonotic associations:Insights from laboratory evaluation of animals associated with the multi-state US outbreak","volume":"76","author":"Hutson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R3-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032299","article-title":"The detection of monkeypox in humans in the Western Hemisphere","volume":"350","author":"Reed","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"50","key":"R4-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2022.101049","article-title":"Reverse zoonosis and its relevance to the monkeypox outbreak 2022","volume":"49","author":"Choudhary","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"key":"R5-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.05.030","article-title":"Virulence differences between monkeypox virus isolates from West Africa and the Congo basin","volume":"340","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"R6-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81215-0","article-title":"Atale of two clades:Monkeypox viruses","volume":"86","author":"Likos","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"R7-20240903","first-page":"165","article-title":"Human monkeypox, 1970-79","volume":"58","author":"Breman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"R8-20240903","first-page":"569","article-title":"Human monkeypox","volume":"46","author":"Foster","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"R9-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.428","article-title":"Extended interhuman transmission of monkeypox in a hospital community in the Republic of the Congo,","volume":"73","author":"Learned","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R10-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/br.37.1.1-18.1973","article-title":"Monkeypox virus","volume":"37","author":"Cho","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bacteriol Rev"},{"key":"R11-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_719_22","article-title":"Monkeypox:Current situation in India:An old virus, a new menace?","volume":"47","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"key":"R12-20240903","year":"2022","journal-title":"Monkeypox Outbreak Global Map |Monkeypox |Poxvirus |CDC"},{"key":"R15-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-1748","article-title":"Monkeypox:Avoiding the mistakes of past infectious disease epidemics","volume":"175","author":"Daskalakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R16-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3539","article-title":"Monkeypox outbreak \u2013No panic and stigma;only awareness and preventive measures can halt the pandemic turn of this epidemic infection","volume":"37","author":"Rabiul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manage"},{"key":"R17-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13785","article-title":"Monkeypo\u00d72022 outbreak:An update","volume":"27","author":"Velavan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"R18-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13798","article-title":"Monkeypox outbreak:Preventing another episode of stigmatisation","volume":"27","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"R20-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780373","article-title":"The pathology of experimental aerosolized monkeypox virus infection in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)","volume":"81","author":"Zaucha","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lab Invest."},{"key":"R21-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1446","article-title":"Analysis of the monkeypox virus genome","volume":"297","author":"Shchelkunov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"R22-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3390\/venereology1020014","article-title":"A review of monkeypox:The new global health emergency","volume":"1","author":"Rajsri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Venereol"},{"key":"R23-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111257","article-title":"Monkeypox virus in Nigeria:Infection biology, epidemiology, and evolution","volume":"12","author":"Alakunle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"R24-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-173","article-title":"Gene expression profiling of monkeypox virus-infected cells reveals novel interfaces for host-virus interactions","volume":"7","author":"Alkhalil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"R25-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-21-3-533","article-title":"The mode of entry of vaccinia virus into L cells","volume":"21","author":"Armstrong","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"R27-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-32-2-275","article-title":"Further investigations on the mode of entry of vaccinia virus into cells","volume":"32","author":"Chang","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"R28-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit703","article-title":"Human monkeypox","volume":"58","author":"McCollum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R29-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13139","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.20.13139-13149.2005","article-title":"An orally bioavailable antipoxvirus compound (ST-246) inhibits extracellular virus formation and protects mice from lethal orthopoxvirus challenge","volume":"79","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R30-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-12-2915","article-title":"The formation and function of extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus","volume":"83","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"R32-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.01.009","article-title":"Short-term clinical safety profile of brincidofovir:A favorable benefit-risk proposition in the treatment of smallpox","volume":"143","author":"Chittick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"R33-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.3390\/v2122740","article-title":"Development of CMX001 for the treatment of poxvirus infections","volume":"2","author":"Lanier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"R34-20240903","journal-title":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID). Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP) Updated August 31 2023"},{"key":"R35-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040937","article-title":"Recent advances in research and management of human monkeypox virus:An emerging global health threat","volume":"15","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijp.ijp_156_23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:36:46Z","timestamp":1787769406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijp.ijp_156_23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijp.ijp_156_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["0253-7613","1998-3751"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0253-7613","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3751","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-03-21","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-18","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}