{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:29:25Z","timestamp":1786739365754,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760227200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective is to induce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in rats by oleic acid and evaluate the prophylactic and therapeutic effectiveness of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) against ARDS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ARDS is an acute, severe inflammatory lung injury. Clinically used anti-inflammatory medication and corticosteroids have side effects, infection risk, and increased treatment costs. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea is a flavonoid possessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Intravenous injection of pure oleic acid causes respiratory distress in diverse animal species, leading to inflammation in the lungs. Hence, we used oleic acid to induce ARDS in rats to assess the prophylactic and therapeutic effectiveness of EGCG against ARDS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>MATERIALS AND METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of four groups were formed, with five animals allocated to each group. The control group (G1) was administered with normal saline 0.2 ml\/kg, twice at an interval of 1 h, ARDS group (G2) with oleic acid 0.2 ml\/kg intravenously, twice at 1-h interval. The prophylactic group (G3) was administered with EGCG 10 mg\/kg i.p. 1 h before the administration of oleic acid, whereas therapeutic group (G4) was administered with same dose of EGCG but, 1 h after the administration of oleic acid.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Assessment of animal body and lungs weight, gross macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of lungs did not produce any significant treatment-related changes when compared with the control group. However, a substantial decrease in tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels was observed in G3 and G4 when compared to the G2 group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EGCG has both prophylactic and therapeutic effectiveness against ARDS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijp.ijp_518_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T10:00:13Z","timestamp":1762941613000},"page":"380-384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy of epigallocatechin-3-gallate against oleic acid-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Subham Kumar","family":"Panda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology, Vipragen Biosciences Private Limited, Mysore, Karnataka, India"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha \u2018O\u2019 Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vadlamani Girish Shankar","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical, Animal Testing Laboratory, Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited, Ambernath, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal L.","family":"Sorathiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical, Animal Testing Laboratory, Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited, Ambernath, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratap Kumar","family":"Sahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha \u2018O\u2019 Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251112","first-page":"2526","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome:The Berlin definition","volume":"307","author":"Ranieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R2-20251112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(67)90168-7","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress in adults","volume":"2","author":"Ashbaugh","year":"1967","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R3-20251112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1573(200009)14:6<401::AID-PTR762>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Naturally occurring antinociceptive substances from plants","volume":"14","author":"Calixto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"R4-20251112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-815483","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory compounds of plant origin. Part II. modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules","volume":"70","author":"Calixto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"R5-20251112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(97)01167-7","article-title":"Exploration of nature's chemodiversity:The role of secondary metabolites as leads in drug development","volume":"3","author":"Verpoorte","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug Discovery Today"},{"key":"R6-20251112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1088314","article-title":"Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities of luteolin","volume":"74","author":"Seelinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"R7-20251112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.79093","article-title":"Flavonoids:A versatile source of anticancer drugs","volume":"5","author":"Chahar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacogn Rev"},{"key":"R8-20251112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1021\/np9904509","article-title":"Flavonoids as antioxidants","volume":"63","author":"Pietta","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Nat Prod"},{"key":"R9-20251112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2332\/allergolint.R-06-135","article-title":"Flavonoids and related compounds as anti-allergic substances","volume":"56","author":"Kawai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"R10-20251112","first-page":"231","article-title":"Effect of epigallocatechingallate on acute lung injury induced by oleic acid in mice","volume":"40","author":"Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Yao Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"R11-20251112","first-page":"493","article-title":"The use of corticosteroids in the treatment of respiratory failure associated with massive fat embolism","volume":"123","author":"Ashbaugh","year":"1966","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"R12-20251112","first-page":"53","article-title":"Fat Embolism:The effect of particulate embolism on lung surfactant","volume":"56","author":"Hamilton","year":"1964","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"R13-20251112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-196907000-00002","article-title":"Experimental fat embolism in dogs","volume":"9","author":"Baker","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"R14-20251112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)41518-3","article-title":"Pulmonary insufficiency induced by oleic acid in the sheep:A model for investigation of extracorporeal oxygenation","volume":"69","author":"Gemer","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"R15-20251112","first-page":"143","article-title":"Embolic pneumopathy induced by oleic acid","volume":"87","author":"Derks","year":"1977","journal-title":"A systematic morphologic study. Am J Pathol"},{"key":"R16-20251112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1973.35.3.395","article-title":"Increased normobaric oxygen tolerance of rabbits following oleic acid-induced lung damage","volume":"35","author":"Smith","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"R17-20251112","first-page":"665","article-title":"Fat embolism. III. The toxic properties of neutral fat and free fatty acids","volume":"40","author":"Peltier","year":"1956","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"R18-20251112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-023-02532-3","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of minocycline on oleic acid-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in rats","volume":"396","author":"Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"R19-20251112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L379","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00010.2008","article-title":"Animal models of acute lung injury","volume":"295","author":"Matute-Bello","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"R20-20251112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2011.06.107","article-title":"Large-animal models of acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Ballard-Croft","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"R21-20251112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928312","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.928312","article-title":"D-tagatose protects against oleic acid-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in rats by activating PTEN\/PI3K\/AKT pathway","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R22-20251112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-017-0633-9","article-title":"Protective effect of hydrogen-saturated saline on acute lung injury induced by oleic acid in rats","volume":"12","author":"Ying","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"R23-20251112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1924.01120090110007","article-title":"The pathology of fat embolism","volume":"9","author":"Gauss","year":"1924","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"R24-20251112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1927.01130150002001","article-title":"Fat embolism:Including experimental production without trauma","volume":"14","author":"Lehman","year":"1927","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"R25-20251112","first-page":"1","article-title":"Studies on the genesis of posttraumatic fat embolism","volume":"Suppl 282","author":"Bergentz","year":"1961","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand Suppl"},{"key":"R26-20251112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-197108000-00005","article-title":"Fat embolism:A review of current concepts","volume":"11","author":"Herndon","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"R27-20251112","first-page":"1115","article-title":"Oleic acid dose-related edema in isolated canine lung perfused at constant pressure","volume":"50","author":"Ehrhart","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol"},{"key":"R28-20251112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1179","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00450.2004","article-title":"Keratinocyte growth factor therapy in murine oleic acid-induced acute lung injury","volume":"288","author":"Ulrich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"R29-20251112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(68)90057-7","article-title":"Respiratory and hemodynamic changes after injection of free fatty acids","volume":"8","author":"Ashbaugh","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Surg Res"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijp.ijp_518_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:28:23Z","timestamp":1786735703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijp.ijp_518_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijp.ijp_518_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0253-7613","1998-3751"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0253-7613","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3751","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-17","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-15","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}