{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:25:54Z","timestamp":1787772354089,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":5,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n Evaluation of immunological factors responsible for discordant virological responses postcombination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive children aged <5 years.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n MATERIALS AND METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n \n Immunological profiling of enrolled 30 HIV-positive children was done at enrollment, 6 and 12 months. Flow cytometric analysis was performed for enumeration of counts and percentage of CD4\n +<\/jats:sup>\n , CD8\n +<\/jats:sup>\n , and CD19\n +<\/jats:sup>\n cells; expression of CD19, CD86, PD-1, CD3, CD8 and CD28 on lymphocytes was evaluated using whole blood staining technique with monoclonal antibodies. HIV-1 viral load was quantified using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Serum levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin (IgM), and interleukin (IL)-7 were quantitated using quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The HIV-infected children were categorized into virological responders (VRs; HIV-1 plasma viral load <47 copies\/mL) and virological nonresponders (VNRs; HIV-1 plasma viral load >1000 copies\/mL) following 1-year cART.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n \n The frequency of CD28\n +<\/jats:sup>\n CTLs cells was higher (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.0001), and the frequency of CD28-CTLs cells was lower (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.0001) in VRs than VNRs. CD28\n +<\/jats:sup>\n and CD28-CTLs cells correlated with HIV-1 plasma viremia (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = \u22120.4695,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.01;\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.40,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.03, respectively). VRs had higher CD19 percentage (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.04) and count (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.01) than VNRs. CD19\n +<\/jats:sup>\n B cells in the VRs had lower expression of CD86 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.03) and PD-1 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.002) than VNRs. VR had lower levels of serum IgG (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.03), IgM (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.04), and IL-7 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.01) than VNRs.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n \n High baseline B-cell counts, lower serum IgG, IgM, IL-7 levels, lower activation and exhaustion of B cells, and higher frequency of CD28\n +<\/jats:sup>\n CTLs are associated with positive virological response, whereas elevated CD28-CTLs are associated with the poor virological outcomes in HIV-infected children.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijp.ijp_616_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T15:48:56Z","timestamp":1716479336000},"page":"278-281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immunological factors associated with discordant virological response postcombination antiretroviral therapy in pediatric human immunodeficiency virus infection"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Ravinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shesh Prakash","family":"Maurya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namrata","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushil Kumar","family":"Kabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Lodha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bimal Kumar","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R3-6-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0211344","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211344","article-title":"HIV virologic failure and its predictors among HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy in the African cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Kiweewa","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R4-6-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0156099","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156099","article-title":"Discordant immune response with antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1: A systematic review of clinical outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R5-6-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.01.017","article-title":"Incomplete functional T-cell reconstitution in immunological non-responders at one year after initiation of antiretroviral therapy possibly predisposes them to infectious diseases","volume":"81","author":"Shete","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R7-6-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25074","article-title":"Impact of HIV infection and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on B cell subpopulations in children","volume":"90","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"R8-6-20240903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir156","article-title":"Survival and proliferation of CD28 - T cells during HIV-1 infection relate to the amplitude of viral replication","volume":"203","author":"Vivar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijp.ijp_616_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:40:24Z","timestamp":1787769624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijp.ijp_616_21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":5,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijp.ijp_616_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["0253-7613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0253-7613","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}}}