{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:27:27Z","timestamp":1787772447449,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Oral cancers are found to have high risk in South Central Asia due to exposure of various risk factors.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Euphoria longana Lam<\/jats:italic>\n                      . (EL) has been traditionally used to relieve insomnia, prevent amnesia, and treat palpitation. In addition, EL has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidant activities. The investigation was aimed to evaluate the mechanism of action and antitumor activity of polyphenol-rich EL seeds extract against oral cancer induced by 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>MATERIALS AND METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seven groups of Sprague\u2013Dawley rats were formulated: normal animals, oral cancer induced with 4-NQO, EL-treated normal control, EL-treated disease control from 0-day, EL-treated disease control from 60 days, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-treated disease control from day 60, and combined EL- and 5-FU-treated disease control animals from day 60. The animal tongue was smeared with 0.5% 4-NQO at frequency of thrice a week for 12 weeks to induce oral cancer. At the end of treatment, excised tongues were used for biochemical and tumour-specific parameters along with histopathology assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Treatment with EL, 5-FU, and combination of both in diseased animals exhibited significant improvement in interleukin-6, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-\u03b2) levels, antioxidant status together with histoarchitecture of the tongue tissue. In addition, the combination of both was slightly more effective than EL and 5-FU alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our data suggest antitumor activity of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Euphoria longana Lam.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Extract against 4-NQO induced oral cancer in rats, which could be attributed to alteration in the VEGF and TGF-\u03b2 signaling axis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijp.ijp_802_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T15:47:53Z","timestamp":1716479273000},"page":"329-337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Antitumor effects of polyphenol-rich extract of Euphoria longana seed by 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