{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:35:18Z","timestamp":1787070918224,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bacterial vaginosis (BV) and aerobic vaginitis (AV) have been encountered as the most common vaginal infections among women of the reproductive age group. Bedside diagnosis of BV can be made by Amsel\u2019s criteria or modified Amsel\u2019s criteria by clinicians. However, Nugent scoring is the recommended method for its diagnosis. AV is usually underdiagnosed. The recommended technique is microscopic-based Donder\u2019s criteria. However, Gram\u2019s stain and culture are routinely used for AV diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective of the Study:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study was conducted to compare various diagnostic modalities used for diagnosing BV and AV among nonpregnant symptomatic women of the reproductive age group (15\u201349 years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All symptomatic nonpregnant women attending the gynecology outpatient department between 15 and 49 years of age were included in the study. Three swabs were collected for wet mount for Donder\u2019s criteria (AV), Gram stain for Nugent scoring (BV), and aerobic culture. Amine odor and pH were tested bedside for BV infection using Amsel\u2019s criteria and modified Amsel\u2019s criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 150 patients were tested during the study period (January 21 to July 22). The prevalence of BV as per Nugent score was found as 22%. Amsel\u2019s criteria had a higher specificity (92.31%) and positive predictive value (PPV) (76.32%), while modified Amsel\u2019s criteria were more sensitive (96.97%) with a higher negative predictive value (NPV) (98.75%). The sensitivity of pH test, Gram stain, and culture individually were 88.46%, 73.08%, and 61.54%, respectively, with Donder\u2019s criteria being the gold standard.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Modified Amsel\u2019s criteria may continue to be used as a screening test in countries with high prevalence of BV, but all such screen-positive women should be further subjected to Nugent scoring for confirmatory diagnosis. Gram stain with culture in combination can replace the Donder\u2019s criteria for diagnosis of AV infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpm.ijpm_459_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T04:00:09Z","timestamp":1747972809000},"page":"562-567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of various diagnostic modalities for detection of bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis: An underdiagnosed entity among women of the reproductive age group"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Gargee","family":"Mishra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavita","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Child Health, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srujana","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subarna","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subhrasmita","family":"Jena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251031","first-page":"484","article-title":"Aetiology of vaginal\/cervical discharge syndrome: Analysis of data from a referral laboratory in Eastern India","volume":"63","author":"Ghosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"R3-20251031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)91112-9","article-title":"Nonspecific vaginitis: Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations","volume":"74","author":"Amsel","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"R4-20251031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000145752.97999.67","article-title":"Evaluation of clinical methods for diagnosing bacterial vaginosis","volume":"105","author":"Gutman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R5-20251031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2002.00432.x","article-title":"Definition of a type of abnormal vaginal flora that is distinct from bacterial vaginosis: Aerobic vaginitis","volume":"109","author":"Donders","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"R6-20251031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01643","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01643-19","article-title":"Clinical validation of the APTIMA bacterial vaginosis and APTIMA candida\/trichomonas vaginitis assays: Results from a prospective multicenter clinical study","volume":"58","author":"Schwebke","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R7-20251031","article-title":"Comparison between modified Amsel's criteria and the old standard methods in diagnosis of Bacterial Vaginosis","author":"Thamir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"R8-20251031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4549-3","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomonal vaginitis among reproductive-aged women seeking primary healthcare in Sana'a city, Yemen","volume":"19","author":"Abdul-Aziz","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"R9-20251031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-011-2085-5","article-title":"Chlamydial infection in a high-risk population: Association with vaginal flora patterns","volume":"285","author":"Marconi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"R10-20251031","first-page":"8349601","article-title":"Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and its association with risk factors among nonpregnant women: A hospital-based study","author":"Ranjit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol 2018"},{"key":"R11-20251031","first-page":"83","article-title":"Aetiology and risk factors of recurrent vaginitis and its association with various contraceptive methods","volume":"131","author":"Thulkar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R12-20251031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.115862","article-title":"Hormonal contraception and risk of sexually transmitted disease acquisition: Results from a prospective study","volume":"185","author":"Baeten","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R13-20251031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02235.x","article-title":"Effect of consistent condom use on the 6-month prevalence of bacterial vaginosis varies by baseline BV status","volume":"14","author":"Yotebieng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"R14-20251031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2005.016451","article-title":"The burden and determinants of reproductive tract infections in India: A population-based study of women in Goa, India","volume":"82","author":"Patel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"R15-20251031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.05.016","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for bacterial vaginosis among women of reproductive age attending cervical screening in southeastern Brazil","volume":"131","author":"Marconi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"R16-20251031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(00)00217-4","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis and contraceptive methods","volume":"70","author":"Calzolari","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"R17-20251031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00303","article-title":"Vaginal microbiota evaluation and lactobacilli quantification by qPCR in pregnant and non-pregnant women: A pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Pacha-Herrera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"R18-20251031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.13.2.56","article-title":"Aerobic bacterial pathogens causing vaginitis in patients attending a tertiary care hospital and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern","volume":"13","author":"Krishnasamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pure Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"R19-20251031","first-page":"2268","article-title":"A study of aerobic bacterial pathogens associated with vaginitis in reproductive age group women (15-45 years) and their sensitivity pattern","volume":"3","author":"Sangeetha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"R20-20251031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.18231\/j.ijogr.2021.016","article-title":"Estimation of incidence of aerobic vaginitis in women presenting with symptoms of vaginitis","volume":"8","author":"Vidyasagar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Obstet Gynecol Res"},{"key":"R21-20251031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.5195\/ijms.2015.111","article-title":"Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of microorganisms isolated from vaginal infections at a Tertiary Hospital in Bangalore, India","volume":"3","author":"Narayana-Swamy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Med Students"},{"key":"R22-20251031","first-page":"2","article-title":"Microbial profile of high vaginal swab from symptomatic women of reproductive age group. Data from tertiary care hospital","volume":"4","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Sci Res"},{"key":"R23-20251031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4567","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S337205","article-title":"Vulvovaginitis prevalence among women in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: Special emphasis on aerobic vaginitis causing bacterial profile, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and associated factors","volume":"14","author":"Yasin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"R24-20251031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22210370","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4324-2022210370","article-title":"Comparison and the association between different types of vaginitis and risk factors among reproductive-aged women in Lahore, Pakistan: A cross-sectional study","volume":"65","author":"Shazadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz Arch Biol Technol"},{"key":"R25-20251031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2013.67.428-430","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of aerobic vaginitis and its association to vaginal candidiasis, trichomonas vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis","volume":"67","author":"Jahic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Arch"},{"key":"R26-20251031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2017.04.004","article-title":"Aerobic vaginitis: No longer a stranger","volume":"168","author":"Donders","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"key":"R27-20251031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12010185","article-title":"Aerobic vaginitis diagnosis criteria combining gram stain with clinical features: An establishment and prospective validation study","volume":"12","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"R28-20251031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1159\/000431286","article-title":"Analysis of the risk factors for aerobic vaginitis: A case-control study","volume":"81","author":"Geng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Investig"},{"key":"R29-20251031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.1984.tb01494.x","article-title":"Relationship between contraceptive method and vaginal flora","volume":"24","author":"Peddie","year":"1984","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"R30-20251031","first-page":"727","article-title":"Effects of intrauterine device and oral contraceptive on vaginal flora and epithelium","volume":"28","author":"Ocak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijpm.ijpm_459_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:38:53Z","timestamp":1787067533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijpm.ijpm_459_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijpm.ijpm_459_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0377-4929","0974-5130"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0377-4929","type":"print"},{"value":"0974-5130","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-01","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-19","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}