{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:30:19Z","timestamp":1786728619494,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), we are likely at a juncture in clinical management, where the benefits of therapies are beginning to plateau. Therefore, this study investigated the usefulness of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2), podoplanin (PDPN), and cluster of differentiation (CD) 44 (CD44) that may help to identify patients with an aggressive phenotype and predict prognosis precisely.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The protein expression of ABCG2, PDPN, and CD44 was investigated in 125 OSCC patients using immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinicopathological parameters and disease outcomes. The data were evaluated using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value \u22640.05 was considered significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The protein expression of ABCG2, PDPN, and CD44 was noted in 56%, 43%, and 51%, respectively. ABCG2, PDPN, and CD44 show linear correlation with T3\/T4 tumors, presence of metastatic lymph nodes (LNs), and advanced-stage disease. Cox multivariate regression analysis for progression-free survival (PFS) demonstrated that in early-stage patients, CD44 at step 1 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.007) followed by ABCG2 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.037) at step 2 was associated with reduced PFS. For overall survival (OS), only ABCG2 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.019) emerged as a potential parameter. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that the combined signature of ABCG2 with PDPN for total patients, and ABCG2 with CD44 for early-stage patients, emerged as more powerful risk predictors for identifying high-risk patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thus, the combined signature of ABCG2 with PDPN and CD44 could be useful in identifying high-risk patients for more aggressive therapy and effective personalized treatment in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpm.ijpm_479_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T03:02:44Z","timestamp":1739329364000},"page":"287-293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Protein expression of cancer stem cell markers ABCG2, podoplanin, and CD44 predicts early recurrence of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A study from Western India"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Trupti I.","family":"Trivedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology, Molecular Diagnostics and Research Lab 1, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toral H.","family":"Mandaliya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priti P.","family":"Trivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncopathology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e313","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30177-9","article-title":"Novel prognostic clinical factors and biomarkers for outcome prediction in head and neck cancer: A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Budach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"R2-20250721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.11.003","article-title":"ABCG2: A perspective","volume":"31","author":"Robey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"R3-20250721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0148807","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148807","article-title":"The metastatic potential and chemoresistance of human pancreatic cancer stem cells","volume":"11","author":"Bhagwandin","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"R4-20250721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2014.3470","article-title":"ABCG2 regulates the pattern of self-renewing divisions in cisplatin-resistant non-small cell lung cancer cell lines","volume":"32","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncol Reports"},{"key":"R5-20250721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-014-0101-0","article-title":"Evaluation of stem-like side population cells in a recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line","volume":"14","author":"Hoe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"R6-20250721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1203","article-title":"Frequent expression of the multi-drug resistance-associated protein BCRP\/MXR\/ABCP\/ABCG2 in human tumours detected by the BXP-21 monoclonal antibody in paraffin-embedded material","volume":"198","author":"Diestra","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"R7-20250721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20656","article-title":"Characterization of human PA2. 26 antigen (T1\u03b1\u20132, podoplanin), a small membrane mucin induced in oral squamous cell carcinomas","volume":"113","author":"Mart\u00edn-Villar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"R8-20250721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13580","article-title":"Podoplanin: An emerging cancer biomarker and therapeutic target","volume":"109","author":"Krishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"R9-20250721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0048","article-title":"Concise review: Emerging role of CD44 in cancer stem cells: A promising biomarker and therapeutic target","volume":"4","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"key":"R10-20250721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830101003","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody to a human leukocyte-specific membrane glycoprotein probably homologous to the leukocyte-common (L-C) antigen of the rat","volume":"10","author":"Dalchau","year":"1980","journal-title":"Eur. Immunol"},{"key":"R11-20250721","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Expression of CD44, CD44v9, ABCG2, CD24, Bmi1 and ALDH1 in stage I and II oral squamous cell carcinoma and their association with clinicopathological factors","volume":"16","author":"Tamatani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"R12-20250721","first-page":"26","article-title":"Co-occurrence of ATRX and IDH mutations identify subgroup of glioma patients for better survival","volume":"45","author":"Trivedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"GCS Res J"},{"key":"R13-20250721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.20517\/2394-4722.2015.82","article-title":"Nibrin expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Association with clinicopathological parameters","volume":"2","author":"Dave","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cancer Metastasis Treat"},{"key":"R14-20250721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.14069","article-title":"Cigarette smoke reduces the efficacy of Cisplatin in head and neck cancer cells\u2013role of ABCG2","volume":"40","author":"Simon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"R15-20250721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgi139","article-title":"Identification of BCRP as transporter of benzo [a] pyrene conjugates metabolically formed in Caco-2 cells and its induction by Ah-receptor agonists","volume":"26","author":"Ebert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"R16-20250721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2005.02.030","article-title":"Multiple drug resistance, antimutagenesis and anticarcinogenesis","volume":"59","author":"Ferguson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mut Res"},{"key":"R17-20250721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4178","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-3983","article-title":"Mithramycin Represses basal and cigarette smoke\u2013induced expression of ABCG2 and inhibits stem cell signaling in lung and esophageal cancer cells","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"R18-20250721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47919","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047919","article-title":"Cigarette smoke promotes drug resistance and expansion of cancer stem cell-like side population","volume":"7","author":"An","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"R19-20250721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.2485\/jhtb.26.268","article-title":"Cytoplasmic ABCG2 and podoplanin expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma correlates with lymph node metastasis","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hard Tissue Biol"},{"key":"R20-20250721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2011.331","article-title":"Expression and function of ABCG2 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and cell lines","volume":"2","author":"Shen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"R21-20250721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1159\/000106787","article-title":"ABCG2 expression is an independent unfavorable prognostic factor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"71","author":"Tsunoda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"R22-20250721","first-page":"1","article-title":"Podoplanin expression in the development and progression of laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas","volume":"109","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"R23-20250721","first-page":"135298","article-title":"Evaluation of podoplanin in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma","author":"Patil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientifica"},{"key":"R24-20250721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13496","article-title":"Immunohistochemical expression of CD44 in oral squamous cell carcinoma in relation to histomorphological parameters and clinicopathological factors","volume":"73","author":"Boxberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"R25-20250721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2012.03.015","article-title":"Expression of podoplanin and ABCG2 in oral erythroplakia correlate with oral cancer development","volume":"48","author":"Feng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"R26-20250721","first-page":"2022","article-title":"High CD44 immunoexpression correlates with poor overall survival: Assessing the role of cancer stem cell markers in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients from the high-risk population of Pakistan","volume":"7","author":"Adnan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"R27-20250721","first-page":"156","article-title":"Relative factors of late cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with stage I or II oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"28","author":"Yoshida","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillo Surg Med Pathol"},{"key":"R28-20250721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2014.2289","article-title":"Expression of the cancer stem cell markers CD44v6 and ABCG2 in tongue cancer: Effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on local recurrence","volume":"44","author":"Yanamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Oncology"},{"key":"R29-20250721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.160181","article-title":"Expression of podoplanin in different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"5","author":"Prasad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Med Health Sci Res"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijpm.ijpm_479_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:29:23Z","timestamp":1786724963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijpm.ijpm_479_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijpm.ijpm_479_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0377-4929","0974-5130"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0377-4929","type":"print"},{"value":"0974-5130","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-06","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-15","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}