{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:52:16Z","timestamp":1791910336143,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease with no specific treatment. We examined the effects of silymarin, exercise, and their combination on the serum levels of oxidant\/antioxidant markers, as well as irisin\u2014a myokine secreted by muscles during exercise\u2014in dexamethasone-induced NAFLD in adult male rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this experimental animal study, forty-two male Wistar rats were randomly grouped into control (normal saline), NAFLD (dexamethasone injection at 10 mg\/kg\/day, s.c. for 7 days to induce NAFLD), NAFLD + exercise training (continuous exercise training 5 days\/week for 8 weeks), NAFLD + silymarin (1 mg\/kg\/day, orally for 8 weeks), NAFLD + exercise training + silymarin, and NAFLD + pioglitazone (positive control, 1 mg\/kg\/day, orally for 8 weeks) groups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 7 for each). The serum levels of oxidant markers, malondialdehyde (MDA); antioxidant markers, superoxide dismutase (SOD); total antioxidant capacity (TAC); and irisin were determined using specific ELISA kits.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oxidant markers, such as MDA, were significantly enhanced while antioxidant markers, such as SOD and TAC, as well as serum levels of irisin, were significantly diminished in rats with NAFLD compared to controls. Combining silymarin and 8-week continuous training exercise resulted in significant restoration of serum levels of MDA, TAC, and irisin to control values. While combined treatment had a significant impact on oxidant\/antioxidant status in NAFLD rats, it was not more effective than either treatment alone. However, it was observed that the serum level of irisin increased more in combination therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that combination treatment with silymarin and exercise may have a protective effect against NAFLD, partly by reducing oxidative stress and increasing serum levels of irisin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.ijpvm_177_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T13:00:21Z","timestamp":1764248421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exercise-Induced Increase in Serum Irisin Levels is Associated with Antioxidant Effects of Silymarin in Dexamethasone- Induced NAFLD"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Maedeh","family":"Ghasemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Lotfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Mokhtari-Andani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fouzieh","family":"Zadhoush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-019-09995-8","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"13","author":"Golabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"R2-20251127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17158","article-title":"Review article:The epidemiologic burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease across the world","volume":"56","author":"Henry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R3-20251127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734859","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.734859","article-title":"NAFLD and physical exercise:Ready, steady, go!","volume":"8","author":"Cigrovski Berkovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"R4-20251127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.04.030","article-title":"Standardisation of diet and exercise in clinical trials of NAFLD-NASH:Recommendations from the Liver Forum","volume":"73","author":"Glass","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"R5-20251127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i16.2041","article-title":"Physical activity as a treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease:A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Whitsett","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"R6-20251127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.025","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"152","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"R7-20251127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595371","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.595371","article-title":"Oxidative stress in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. 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