{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:30:00Z","timestamp":1786739400893,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Magnesium is the calcium natural physiological antagonist; it also antagonizes N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors, therefore, providing antinociceptive properties. The reason for effective role of treatment with magnesium on decreasing opioid usage, less dissatisfaction, and good sleep quality is proposed theoretically yet. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of magnesium sulfate on decreasing opioids requirement after surgery of the lower limbs fracture by spinal anesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 60 patients aged from 45 to 75 years with the lower limb fractures (femur and hip) candidate for surgery by spinal anesthesia. In a randomized double-blind method, patients were divided into two groups as Magnesium Group (M) and Control Group (C). Group M received a bolus of 5 mg\/kg magnesium sulfate plus (250 CC) normal saline and Group C received (250 CC) normal saline in the same condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pain score and the physical dissatisfaction were reduced at 12, 24, and 48 h after surgery in Group M as compared with Group C (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.000). Total opioid requirement at the end of 48 h and at the first 24 h after surgery were reduced in Group M as compared with Group C (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001). The endurance of spinal block was increased in Group M as compared with Group C (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.000).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A low dose of magnesium sulfate reduced the pain score, opioid requirement, and physical dissatisfaction while increased endurance of spinal block.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.ijpvm_320_17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]],"date-time":"2020-01-09T05:46:45Z","timestamp":1578548805000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effect of Intervenous Magnesium Sulfate on Decreasing Opioid Requirement after Surgery of the Lower Limb Fracture by Spinal Anesthesia"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hamid","family":"Kayalha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siamak","family":"Yaghoubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zohreh","family":"Yazdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Disease Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parastoo","family":"Izadpanahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2010.07.009","article-title":"NMDA receptor antagonists and pain: Ketamine","volume":"26","author":"Muir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"R3-20250812","first-page":"1184","article-title":"Intravenous infusion of magnesium sulfate and postoperative analgesia in total knee arthroplasty","volume":"81","author":"Frassanito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"R4-20250812","first-page":"251","article-title":"Effect of intravenous magnesium sulphate on postoperative pain following spinal anesthesia. A randomized double blind controlled study","volume":"22","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Middle East J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"R5-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.76605","article-title":"Evaluation of a single-dose of intravenous magnesium sulphate for prevention of postoperative pain after inguinal surgery","volume":"55","author":"Kiran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"R6-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.4103\/1658-354X.125945","article-title":"Effect of continuous magnesium sulfate infusion on spinal block characteristics: A prospective study","volume":"8","author":"Agrawal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth"},{"key":"R7-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5152\/TJAR.2014.93824","article-title":"The Effect of intervenous magnesium sulfate treatment on the spinal anesthesia produced by bupivaca in pre \u2013 Eclamptic patients","volume":"43","author":"Mustafa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim"},{"key":"R8-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aat.2016.06.003","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate for postoperative analgesia after surgery under spinal anesthesia","volume":"54","author":"Shah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan"},{"key":"R9-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1017\/S026502150200008X","article-title":"Magnesium infusion reduces perioperative pain","volume":"19","author":"Kara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"R10-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2003.02999.x","article-title":"Effect of intra-operative magnesium sulphate on pain relief and patient comfort after major lumbar orthopaedic surgery","volume":"58","author":"Levaux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"R11-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1097\/00003643-200410000-00002","article-title":"Postoperative magnesium sulphate infusion reduces analgesic requirements in spinal anaesthesia","volume":"21","author":"Apan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"R12-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199602000-00011","article-title":"Role of magnesium sulfate in postoperative analgesia","volume":"84","author":"Tramer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R13-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2003.08.012","article-title":"Effect of intraoperative magnesium infusion on perioperative analgesia in open cholecystectomy","volume":"16","author":"Bhatia","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Preventive Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01439446-201910000-00056","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:28:41Z","timestamp":1786735721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01439446-201910000-00056"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijpvm.ijpvm_320_17","relation":{},"ISSN":["2008-7802","2008-8213"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2008-7802","type":"print"},{"value":"2008-8213","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-07-26","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-10-30","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}