{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T15:17:50Z","timestamp":1788016670151,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n \n Acalypha indica<\/jats:italic>\n (Ai) is an herb that is known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects. This research was carried out with the aim of determining the effect of Ai extract on the inflammatory process as part of the innate immune response that occurs in type 2 diabetes mellitus.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Twenty-five Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: the normal group, high fructose and cholesterol (HFC) group, HFC + Ai 250 mg\/kgBW group, HFC + Ai 400 mg\/kgBW group and HFC + pioglitazone (Pgz) group. After 12 weeks, the rats were sacrificed. The liver tissue was taken to measure the levels of TLR2 and TLR4 using the ELISA method. The expression of the\n Nos2<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Arg1<\/jats:italic>\n genes in the liver was measured using PCR. Hematoxylin eosin (HE) slides were made to count the inflammatory cells.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Ai extract at a dose of 400 mg\/kgBW could reduce random blood glucose (RBG) levels (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.005) with mean \u00b1 SEM, respectively (82 \u00b1 5.73), (199.9 \u00b1 27.55), (260.6 \u00b1 67.29), (147.2 \u00b1 12.18), and (148.8 \u00b1 29.4). Ai extract at a dose of 400 mg\/kgBW can also reduce fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.02) with mean \u00b1 SEM, respectively (76.65 \u00b1 2.612), (144.7 \u00b1 13.03), (193.0 \u00b1 46.17), (117.0 \u00b1 2.629), and (130.5 \u00b1 8.890). In addition, administration of Ai extract showed an increasing effect on TLR4 levels (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.03) with mean \u00b1 SEM, respectively (1.967 \u00b1 0.149), (2.632 \u00b1 0.146), (2.687 \u00b1 0.134), (2.902 \u00b1 0.136), and (2.513 \u00b1 0.334). Administration of Ai extract also showed an increase in the number of inflammatory cells in the liver (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.0001) with mean \u00b1 SEM, respectively (25.92 \u00b1 2.03), (46.76 \u00b1 3.43), (44.28 \u00b1 3.69), (46.32 \u00b1 3.13), and (30.72). \u00b1 2.94). Administration of Ai extract did not show significant differences in TLR2 levels and\n Nos2<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Arg1<\/jats:italic>\n gene expression. The confidence level used was 95%.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Ai extract can reduce RBG and FBG but cannot reduce inflammation in the liver.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.ijpvm_334_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T15:00:14Z","timestamp":1788015614000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Innate Immune Profile in Diabetes Mellitus Rat Treated with Acalypha Indica Extract: Focus on TLR-2, TLR-4, Nos2, Arg1, and Liver Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tri","family":"Handayani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Master's Programme in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ani R.","family":"Prijanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine,Universitas Indonesia Jl. Salemba Raya, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desak G. B.","family":"Krisnamurti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine,Universitas Indonesia Jl. Salemba Raya, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adisti","family":"Dwijayanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine,Universitas Indonesia Jl. Salemba Raya, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilzar","family":"Fachri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine,Universitas Indonesia Jl. Salemba Raya, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rani W.","family":"Hakim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine,Universitas Indonesia Jl. 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