{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T20:57:08Z","timestamp":1788555428377,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning results in hundreds of deaths and thousands of emergency department visits all over Iran annually. In this study, we aim to provide an epidemiologic analysis of this poisoning in different consciousness levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This single-center retrospective study was conducted at a referral poison center from March 21, 2007 to March 19, 2012 in Tehran, Iran. All CO poisoned children and adults who hospitalized were evaluated based on their on-arrival consciousness level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two-hundred-sixty patients with pure CO poisoning were enrolled with the majority of males (55.4%). CO exposure was unintentional in 99.6% of cases. The average period between CO exposure and the patients' hospital admission was 6.4 hours (SD = 11.2). Most of the toxicities had occurred at home (73.5%). On arrival acid-base status revealed respiratory acidosis cases in 11.9% of cases. Central nervous system imaging revealed 6.2% abnormal finding. Typically, patients presented with vomiting (25.8%), nausea (22.7%), and dizziness (11.3%). Twenty-nine patients (11.2%) needed intubation and mechanical ventilation. Thirty-six patients admitted to ICU with a median [IQR] hospital stay of 6 [2, 18] days. Ultimately, 202 (78.6%) patients discharged and 47 (18.3%) left the hospital against medical advice, 5 (1.9%) died, and 10 (3.8%) experienced sequellae. Two patients (0.8%), were transferred to other hospitals for specialized care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The incidence and mortality rate of CO poisoning in the current study are still higher than many other parts of the world. Ongoing health prevention strategies are not efficiently working. Hence, constant public education and warning about CO toxicity should be highlighted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.ijpvm_338_18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]],"date-time":"2020-01-09T05:46:45Z","timestamp":1578548805000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A 5-year Assessment on Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in a Referral Center in Tehran-Iran"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mitra","family":"Rahimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Toxicology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Aghabiklooei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soheil","family":"Nasouhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Mashayekhian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Amin Police University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Ghoochani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Amin Police University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yavar","family":"Yousefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Toxicology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Hassanian-Moghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Reserach Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(99)00217-6","article-title":"Carbon monoxide poisoning \u2014 a public health perspective","volume":"145","author":"Raub","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"R2-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13846","article-title":"Carbon monoxide poisoning in the 21st century","volume":"18","author":"Chiew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R3-20250812","first-page":"1768","article-title":"U.S. mortality due to carbon monoxide poisoning, 1999-2014. Accidental and intentional deaths","volume":"13","author":"Hampson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"R4-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(94)70141-5","article-title":"Treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning: A critical review of human outcome studies comparing normobaric oxygen with hyperbaric oxygen","volume":"24","author":"Tibbles","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"R5-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31818419d8","article-title":"Risk factors for short-term mortality from carbon monoxide poisoning treated with hyperbaric oxygen","volume":"36","author":"Hampson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R6-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659409017973","article-title":"Pathophysiology and treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning","volume":"32","author":"Hardy","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"R7-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199804000-00034","article-title":"Functional and ultrastructural evidence of myocardial stunning after acute carbon monoxide poisoning","volume":"26","author":"Tritapepe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R8-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V34N10p611","article-title":"Carbon monoxide poisoning: A five-year review at Tan Tock Seng hospital, Singapore","volume":"34","author":"Handa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Med Singapore"},{"key":"R9-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2002.002014","article-title":"Delayed postanoxic encephalopathy after carbon monoxide poisoning","volume":"21","author":"Kwon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"R10-20250812","first-page":"21","article-title":"Hyperbaric treatment of patients with carbon monoxide poisoning in the United States","volume":"32","author":"Hampson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Undersea Hyperb Med"},{"key":"R12-20250812","first-page":"29","article-title":"Concentrations of carbon monoxide in indoor and outdoor air of residential buildings","volume":"3","author":"Dehghanzadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Heal"},{"key":"R13-20250812","first-page":"108","article-title":"Acute carbon monoxide poisoning in a poisoning referral center","volume":"3","author":"Yaraghi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Iran J Toxicol"},{"key":"R14-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2006.048553","article-title":"Charcoal burning suicides in Hong Kong and urban Taiwan: An illustration of the impact of a novel suicide method on overall regional rates","volume":"61","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Heal"},{"key":"R15-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55000","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055000","article-title":"The impact of media reporting on the emergence of charcoal burning suicide in Taiwan","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R16-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137131","DOI":"10.1080\/2331205X.2015.1137131","article-title":"Carbon monoxide poisoning deaths in Shanghai, China: A 10-year epidemiological and comparative study with the Wuhan sample","volume":"3","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cogent Med"},{"key":"R17-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12007","article-title":"Mortality associated with exposure to carbon monoxide in WHO European member states","volume":"23","author":"Braubach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"R18-20250812","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity of tricyclic antidepressant treated by 2650 mEq sodium bicarbonate: A case report","volume":"5","author":"Amiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"JRSM Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"R19-20250812","first-page":"534","article-title":"Acute adult and adolescent poisoning in Tehran, Iran; the epidemiologic trend between 2006 and 2011","volume":"17","author":"Hassanian-Moghaddam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"R20-20250812","first-page":"181","article-title":"Epidemiology of death caused by carbon monoxide poisoning in Golestan Province, Iran, 2010-2015","volume":"27","author":"Shokrzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Maz Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"R21-20250812","first-page":"1209","article-title":"An epidemiological study of carbon monoxide poisoning rate and a comparison with other poisonings recorded in mazandaran department of forensic medicine, 2009-2011","volume":"8","author":"Shokrzadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran J Toxicol"},{"key":"R22-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2010.08.003","article-title":"Unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning in Northwest Iran: A 5-year study","volume":"17","author":"Nazari","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"R23-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.002","article-title":"Carbon monoxide poisoning in Northeast of Iran","volume":"41","author":"Khadem-Rezaiyan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"R24-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2012.04.031","article-title":"Forensic and clinical carbon monoxide (CO) poisonings in Turkey: A detailed analysis","volume":"20","author":"Karapirli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"R25-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2014.887092","article-title":"Fatal unintentional non-fire-related carbon monoxide poisoning: England and Wales, 1979-2012","volume":"52","author":"Fisher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"R26-20250812","first-page":"36","article-title":"Unintentional non-fire-related carbon monoxide exposures--United States, 2001-2003","volume":"54","year":"2005","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"R27-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370701432173","article-title":"Population-based case-control study of risk factors for unintentional mortality from carbon monoxide poisoning in Taiwan","volume":"19","author":"Shie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"R28-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(98)00128-0","article-title":"Carbon monoxide poisoning: A review for clinicians","volume":"17","author":"Varon","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"R29-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2008.04.003","article-title":"Acute poisoning at two hospitals in Kampala-Uganda","volume":"15","author":"Malangu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"R31-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2014.02.002","article-title":"Carbon monoxide poisoning as a cause of death and differential diagnosis in the forensic practice: A retrospective study, 2000-2010","volume":"24","author":"Ruas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"R32-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2012.08.033","article-title":"Toxic co-ingestions in intentional carbon monoxide poisoning","volume":"44","author":"Hampson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"R33-20250812","first-page":"327","article-title":"A narrative review of acute adult poisoning in Iran","volume":"42","author":"Alinejad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran J Med Sci"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Preventive Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01439446-201910000-00114","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:28:41Z","timestamp":1786735721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01439446-201910000-00114"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijpvm.ijpvm_338_18","relation":{},"ISSN":["2008-7802","2008-8213"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2008-7802","type":"print"},{"value":"2008-8213","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-07-24","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-02-04","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}