{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T13:56:51Z","timestamp":1791640611459,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People are increasingly using mobile phones rather than fixed telephones. Nearly everyone has a mobile phone and the vast majority of these are smartphone. The patterns of smartphone activities may put a significant number of populations especially students at risk of negative ocular problems. To determine the prevalence, pattern, and impact of smartphone use on ocular health among University students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted and 760 male and female students were selected from Medical and Pharmacy Colleges by multistage random sampling. A self-administered structured questionnaire including sociodemographic and visual manifestations data was used to collect data. SPSS program version 22 was used to analyze data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Out of 760 students selected, 546 (71.8%) responded. The overall prevalence of smartphone use was 90.84%. However, the age range for the beginning of smartphone use was 12\u201318 years old (68.3%). In addition, the daily duration of smartphone use was 4\u20136 h\/day (30.2%). Furthermore, females believed that they use smartphone more than usual compared to males. Moreover, ocular pain and\/or dryness after prolonged time spent on smartphone use were more among smartphone users (39.7%). Finally, most of the students (66.0%) had one or more ocular problems after smartphone use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is an association between smartphone use and occurrence of ocular manifestations. Health education programs on smartphone use and its ocular hazards are highly recommended.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.ijpvm_382_19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T08:29:49Z","timestamp":1716884989000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Smartphone Use and its Impact on Ocular Health among University Students in Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lotfi F.","family":"Issa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Taif University, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled A.","family":"Alqurashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Taif University, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talal","family":"Althomali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talal A.","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Taif University, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah S.","family":"Aljuaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Taif University, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq M.","family":"Alharthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Taif University, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250812","first-page":"e1000002","article-title":"Effect of smartphone activity over convergence insufficiency score before sleep","volume":"1","author":"Ram","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Peer Sci"},{"key":"R2-20250812","first-page":"69","article-title":"Impact of mobile phone addiction on adolescent's life: A literature review","volume":"2","author":"Goswami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Home Sci"},{"key":"R3-20250812","first-page":"77","article-title":"Relation between Smartphone Use and Unilateral Ocular Pain and Headache. 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