{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:24:28Z","timestamp":1787840668487,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence showed that partial or complete loss of smell and taste might be a possible primary symptom of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). This study aimed to systematically review and pool all available evidence on the olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this systematic review, a comprehensive search was carried out systematically through e-databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science (WoS); that was limited to English-language studies published from 2019 up to 6\n                      <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                      May 2020. Afterward, all studies reported the taste and smell dysfunction in the COVID-19 patients were included. The quality of the studies was assessed by the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The pooled prevalence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction was estimated using the random effects meta-analysis method.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 28 eligible included studies in this systematic review, finally, 22 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. According to the random effect meta-analysis, the global pooled prevalence (95% confidence interval) of any olfactory dysfunction, anosmia, and hyposmia was 55% (40%-70%), 40% (22%-57%), and 40% (20%-61%) respectively. The pooled estimated prevalence of any gustatory dysfunction, ageusia, and dysgeusia was 41% (23%-59%), 31% (3%-59%), and 34% (19%-48%) respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction is prevalent among COVID-19 patients. Therefore, olfactory and gustatory dysfunction seems to be part of important symptoms and notify for the diagnosis of COVID-19, especially in the early phase of the infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.ijpvm_484_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T11:13:59Z","timestamp":1639480439000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in 2019 Novel Coronavirus: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marzieh","family":"Esmaeili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Information Management, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Abdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gita","family":"Shafiee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Asayesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Emergencies, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra Esmaeili","family":"Abdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fereshteh","family":"Baygi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Maritime Health and Society, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Qorbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran"},{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa272","article-title":"Clinical features of 69 cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R2-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R4-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-020-00016-0","article-title":"Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"R5-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e142","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e142","article-title":"Clinical course and outcomes of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: A preliminary report of the first 28 patients from the Korean cohort study on COVID-19","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"R6-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6913e1","article-title":"Asymptomatic and presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in residents of a long-term care skilled nursing facility\u2014King County, Washington, March 2020","volume":"69","author":"Kimball","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"R7-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25815","article-title":"Sore throat in COVID-19: Comment on \u201cClinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: A single arm meta-analysis\u201d","volume":"92","author":"Lovato","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"R8-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.202057","article-title":"Rapid progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome: Review of current understanding of critical illness from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection","volume":"49","author":"Choong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singap"},{"key":"R9-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2020.107228","article-title":"Pathophysiological characteristics and therapeutic approaches for pulmonary injury and cardiovascular complications of coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"47","author":"Geng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"R10-20250812","first-page":"20","article-title":"Evaluation of hepatic enzymes changes and association with prognosis in COVID-19 patients","author":"Omrani-Nava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepat Mon"},{"key":"R11-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","volume":"77","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"R12-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A multicenter European study","volume":"277","author":"Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"R13-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40902-020-00254-7","article-title":"Dysosmia and dysgeusia due to the 2019 Novel Coronavirus; a hypothesis that needs further investigation","volume":"42","author":"Keyhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R14-20250812","first-page":"Doc04","article-title":"Smell and taste disorders","volume":"10","author":"Hummel","year":"2011","journal-title":"GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"R15-20250812","first-page":"287","article-title":"The Covid-19 pandemic and otolaryngology: What it comes down to.?","volume":"99","author":"L\u00fcers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngorhinootologie"},{"key":"R16-20250812","article-title":"Loss of smell and taste in combination with other symptoms is a strong predictor of COVID-19 infection","author":"Menni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R17-20250812","first-page":"62","article-title":"Coincidence of COVID-19 epidemic and olfactory dysfunction outbreak in Iran","volume":"34","author":"Bagheri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran"},{"key":"R18-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa330","article-title":"Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in SARS-CoV-2 patients: A cross-sectional study","volume":"71","author":"Giacomelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R19-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22579","article-title":"Association of chemosensory dysfunction and Covid-19 in patients presenting with influenza-like symptoms","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"R20-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820926473","article-title":"The prevalence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"163","author":"Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"R21-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"R22-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g7647","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: Elaboration and explanation","volume":"350","author":"Shamseer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R23-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3233\/EFI-180221","article-title":"The mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT) version 2018 for information professionals and researchers","volume":"34","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educ Inform"},{"key":"R24-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.12884","article-title":"Improving the usefulness of a tool for appraising the quality of qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods studies, the mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT)","volume":"24","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"R25-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1159\/000509143","article-title":"Predictive value of sudden olfactory loss in the diagnosis of COVID-19","volume":"82","author":"Haehner","year":"2020","journal-title":"RL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec"},{"key":"R26-20250812","article-title":"Objective olfactory testing in patients presenting with sudden onset olfactory dysfunction as the first manifestation of confirmed COVID-19 infection","author":"Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"R27-20250812","article-title":"Psychophysical olfactory findings of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients: Preliminary report","author":"Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"R28-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2020.1772992","article-title":"Anosmia and dysgeusia in patients with mild SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"52","author":"Levinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)"},{"key":"R29-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1515\/dx-2020-0046","article-title":"Clinical features, laboratory characteristics, and outcomes of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Early report from the United States","volume":"7","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagnosis (Berl)"},{"key":"R30-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30297-8","article-title":"Utility of hyposmia and hypogeusia for the diagnosis of COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Benezit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R31-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820922992","article-title":"COVID-19 anosmia reporting tool: Initial findings","volume":"163","author":"Kaye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"R32-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.04.040","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with mild COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"R33-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2020.04.006","article-title":"Features of anosmia in COVID-19","volume":"50","author":"Klopfenstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"key":"R34-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13089","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 1,420 European patients with mild-to-moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019","volume":"288","author":"Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"R35-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa525","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19)","volume":"71","author":"Luers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R36-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6771","article-title":"Alterations in smell or taste in mildly symptomatic outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"323","author":"Spinato","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R37-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000508","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.16.2000508","article-title":"Strong associations and moderate predictive value of early symptoms for SARS-CoV-2 test positivity among healthcare workers, the Netherlands, March 2020","volume":"25","author":"Tostmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"R38-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26204","article-title":"Objective evaluation of anosmia and ageusia in COVID-19 patients: Single-center experience on 72 cases","volume":"42","author":"Vaira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"R39-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05999-5","article-title":"The role of self-reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunction as a screening criterion for suspected COVID-19","volume":"277","author":"Wee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"R40-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22592","article-title":"Self-reported olfactory loss associates with outpatient clinical course in Covid-19","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"R41-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.05.017","article-title":"Anosmia in COVID-19 patients","volume":"26","author":"Hornuss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"R42-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14273","article-title":"Acute-onset smell and taste disorders in the context of Covid-19: A pilot multicenter PCR-based case-control study","volume":"27","author":"Beltran-Corbellini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R43-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22587","article-title":"Smell dysfunction: A biomarker for COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Moein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"R44-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.114","article-title":"Isolated sudden onset anosmia in COVID-19 infection. A novel syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Gane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"R45-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109757","article-title":"COVID-19 and anosmia in Tehran, Iran","volume":"141","author":"Gilani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"R46-20250812","article-title":"Sudden hyposmia as a prevalent symptom of COVID-19 infection","author":"Marchese-Ragona","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"R47-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.18176\/jiaci.0567","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction in the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"30","author":"Izquierdo-Dominguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R48-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.03.031","article-title":"Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses","volume":"87","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"R50-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2020-000382","article-title":"Consensus for prevention and management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) for neurologists","volume":"5","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol"},{"key":"R51-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58040","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.58040","article-title":"Knowledge synthesis from 100 million biomedical documents augments the deep expression profiling of coronavirus receptors","volume":"9","author":"Venkatakrishnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"R52-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc5801","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc5801","article-title":"Non-neural expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory epithelium suggests mechanisms underlying anosmia in COVID-19 patients","volume":"6","author":"Brann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"R53-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e174","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e174","article-title":"Prevalence and duration of acute loss of smell or taste in COVID-19 patients","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"R54-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-020-0074-x","article-title":"High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Preventive Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_484_20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:26:49Z","timestamp":1787837209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_484_20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijpvm.ijpvm_484_20","relation":{},"ISSN":["2008-7802","2008-8213"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2008-7802","type":"print"},{"value":"2008-8213","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-17","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-21","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}