{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:26:03Z","timestamp":1787840763724,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Lead may be added to the opium by drug smugglers. It can cause elevated blood lead level (BLL) in opium-addicted patients. Erythrocyte pyrimidine 5\u2032-nucleotidase (P5N) activity is susceptible to high BLL. The aim of this study was to find out whether opium-addicted patients show erythropathy and elevated liver enzymes explainable by high BLL and decreased P5N activity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Forty orally opium-addicted subjects and 40 normal healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. BLL was measured in whole blood specimens using atomic absorption spectrometry instrumentation. Enzymatic activity, protein amount of P5N, and erythrocyte purine\/pyrimidine ratio were determined. Blood films were analyzed for the presence of basophilic stippling of red cells and hemolytic anemia. The level of liver function enzymes was measured.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The mean BLL for opium-addicted patients was significantly higher than control group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001). On the contrary, P5N activity showed a valid decrease in opium-addicted patients when compared with control group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001). In line with repressed P5N activity, erythrocyte purine\/pyrimidine ratio in patients was lower than control group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001). A statistically significant reverse correlation was found between BLL and P5N activity (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05,\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = \u22120.85). The prevalence of both basophilic stippling (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001,\n z<\/jats:italic>\n = 6.62) and hemolytic anemia (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001,\n z<\/jats:italic>\n = 6.52) in study population was significantly associated with elevated BLL. We could not find any significant correlation between serum level of liver enzymes and BLL.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Opium-addicted patients in Tehran, Iran, are at high risk of lead poisoning which may result in hematologic problems and possibly hepatic damage.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.ijpvm_490_18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]],"date-time":"2020-01-09T05:46:45Z","timestamp":1578548805000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Lead Poisoning in Opium-Addicted Subjects, Its Correlation with Pyrimidine 5\u2032-Nucleotidase Activity and Liver Function Tests"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mandana","family":"Fakoor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Akhgari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Toxicology, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamed","family":"Shafaroodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250812","first-page":"210","article-title":"The status of lead and cadmium in soils of high prevalent gastrointestinal cancer region of Isfahan","volume":"18","author":"Mohajer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"R2-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2018.1508791","article-title":"The texture of psychoactive illicit drugs in Iran: Adulteration with lead and other active pharmaceutical ingredients","volume":"50","author":"Akhgari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"R3-20250812","first-page":"6","article-title":"Assessment of peripheral neuropathy in male hospitalized patients with lead toxicity in Iran","volume":"18","author":"Sadeghniiat-Haghighi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"R4-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4916","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004916","article-title":"Leadpoisoning in a 16-year-oldgirl: A casereport and a review of the literature (CAREcompliant)","volume":"95","author":"M\u0103rginean","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"R5-20250812","first-page":"48","article-title":"Shortcommunication: Casereport on adulteratedopium-inducedsevereleadtoxicity","volume":"33","author":"Afshari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug ChemToxicol"},{"key":"R7-20250812","first-page":"553","article-title":"Presence of lead in opium","volume":"11","author":"Aghaee-Afshar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"R8-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40199-017-0181-1","article-title":"Forensic toxicology analysis of self-poisoning suicidal deaths in Tehran, Iran; trends between 2011-2015","volume":"25","author":"Kordrostami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Daru"},{"key":"R9-20250812","first-page":"68","article-title":"Hematologic profile of battery repair workers occupationally exposed to lead in Lagos. Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"Ogbenna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Trop Pathol"},{"key":"R10-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2018.00261","article-title":"A plasmabiochemicalanalysis of acuteleadpoisoning in a ratmodel by chemometrics-basedfouriertransforminfraredspectroscopy: An exploratorystudy","volume":"6","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Chem"},{"key":"R11-20250812","first-page":"56","article-title":"Clinicalaspects of opiumadulterated with leadin Iran: A review","volume":"122","author":"Alinejad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Basic ClinPharmacolToxicol"},{"key":"R12-20250812","first-page":"107","article-title":"Biochemical effects of lead exposure and toxicity on battery manufacturing workers of Western Maharashtra (India): With respect to liver and kidney function tests","volume":"8","author":"Kshirsagar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Al Ameen J Med Sci"},{"key":"R13-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)82031-2","article-title":"Determination of 5\u2032-nucleotidase activity in human erythrocytes and plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"239","author":"Sakai","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Chromatogr"},{"key":"R14-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9563989","article-title":"Reducedhaematopoieticoutput in automobilemechanics and sprayers with chronicexposure to petrochemicals: A case-controlstudy in CapeCoast, Ghana","author":"Adu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Environ Public Health"},{"key":"R15-20250812","first-page":"55","article-title":"Lead toxicity: A review","volume":"8","author":"Wani","year":"2015","journal-title":"InterdiscipToxicol"},{"key":"R16-20250812","first-page":"29","article-title":"Monitoring of lead poisoning in bus drivers of Tehran","volume":"20","author":"Abdollahi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Iranian J Med Sci"},{"key":"R17-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-008-8106-y","article-title":"Bloodlevels of lead, cadmium, and mercury in residents of Tehran","volume":"123","author":"Farzin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"R18-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520040046039","article-title":"The decline in blood lead levels in the United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES)","volume":"272","author":"Pirkle","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R19-20250812","first-page":"1152","article-title":"Leadpoisoning among opiumusers in Iran: A possiblenewemergingepidemic in the region","volume":"46","author":"Radfar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"R20-20250812","first-page":"3","article-title":"Leadpoisoning in opiumabuser in Iran: A systematicreview","volume":"9","author":"Soltaninejad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"R21-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm665152a4","article-title":"Notes from the field: Lead contamination of opium- Iran, 2016","volume":"66","author":"Zamani","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"R22-20250812","first-page":"555","article-title":"Comparison of serumleadlevel in oralopiumaddicts with healthycontrolgroup","volume":"12","author":"Salehi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"R23-20250812","first-page":"939","article-title":"Blood lead level in opium dependents and its association with anemia: A cross-sectional study from the capital of Iran","volume":"19","author":"Domeneh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"R24-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s40557-015-0085-9","article-title":"Evaluation and management of lead exposure","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"R25-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108545","article-title":"Lead poisoning: Association with hemolytic anemia, basophilic stippling, erythrocyte pyrimidine 5\u2019-nucleotidase deficiency, and intraerythrocytic accumulation of pyrimidines","volume":"58","author":"Valentine","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R26-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.18502\/kls.v4i5.2597","article-title":"Hematology analysis of lead exposure on painting workers (Case study: Informal automobile painting industries in Karasak, Bandung)","volume":"4","author":"Oginawati","year":"2018","journal-title":"KnE Life Sci"},{"key":"R27-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00656","article-title":"Squeezing for life- Properties of redbloodcelldeformability","volume":"9","author":"Huisjes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"R28-20250812","article-title":"Blood lead levels and selected haematological parameters among at risk occupational groups and blood donors in Kenyasi, BrongAhafo Region","author":"Agyemang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Doctoral dissertation, University Of Ghana"},{"key":"R29-20250812","first-page":"113","article-title":"Subchronictoxiceffects of tributyltin (TBT) andinorganiclead (PbII) in rats","volume":"19","author":"da Silva de Assis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ ToxicolPharmacol"},{"key":"R30-20250812","first-page":"387","article-title":"The correlation between lead level and hemoglobin, hematocrit, cystatinC serum, SGOT and SGPT levels of car paint workers","volume":"2","author":"Tutuarima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Notions"},{"key":"R31-20250812","first-page":"42","article-title":"Effects of opiumconsumption on coronaryarterydiseaseriskfactors and oralhealth: Results of KermanCoronaryArteryDiseaseRiskfactorsStudy a population- basedsurvey on 5900subjectsaged15-75 years","volume":"6","author":"Najafipour","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"R32-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.4103\/jrms.JRMS_454_17","article-title":"Opium, an important risk factor for deep vein thrombosis patients","volume":"22","author":"Kazemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"R33-20250812","first-page":"310","article-title":"Effect of opium addiction on some serum parameters in rabbit","volume":"7","author":"Mami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob Vet"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Preventive Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01439446-201910000-00035","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:28:32Z","timestamp":1787837312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01439446-201910000-00035"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijpvm.ijpvm_490_18","relation":{},"ISSN":["2008-7802","2008-8213"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2008-7802","type":"print"},{"value":"2008-8213","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-10-24","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-01-31","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}