{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:25:30Z","timestamp":1787840730691,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The World Health Organization has identified COVID-19 as a public health emergency and is urging governments to stop the virus transmission by adopting appropriate policies. In this regard, authorities have taken different approaches to cutting the chain or controlling the spread of the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the approaches to biological epidemics and related prevention tools with emphasis on COVID-19 disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study was a systematize study of publications related to the prevention strategies for Covid-19 disease. The study was carried out based on the PRISMA guidelines, CASP and AACODS. The data resources included ISI\/WOS, PubMed, Scopus, science direct, Ovid and ProQuest. WHO website, published reports of countries, as well as the Worldometer website were evaluated. The time-frame of the study was from 1 December 2019 to 30 May 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study findings showed that in order to confronting the COVID-19 epidemic, in general, there are three approaches of \u201cmitigation\u201d, \u201cactive control\u201d, and \u201csuppression\u201d and four strategies of \u201cquarantine\u201d, \u201cisolation\u201d, \u201csocial distance\u201d, and \u201clockdown\u201d in both individual and social dimensions to deal with epidemics. Selection and implementation of each approach requires specific strategies and has different effects when it comes to controlling and inhibiting the disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One possible approach to control the disease is to change individual behavior and lifestyle. In addition to prevention strategies, use of masks, observance of personal hygiene principles such as regular hand washing and non-contact of contaminated hands with the face, as well as observance of public health principles such as sneezing and coughing etiquettes, safe extermination of personal protective equipment must be strictly observed. The use of the previous experiences in the world, along with the current experiences of countries, can be very helpful in choosing the accurate approach for each country in accordance with the characteristics of that country and lead to the reduction of possible costs at the national and international levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.ijpvm_634_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T08:29:49Z","timestamp":1716884989000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Different Approaches to Confronting the Biological Epidemic; Prevention Tools with an Emphasis on COVID-19: A Systematized Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marziye","family":"Hadian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Management, Student Research Committee of School of Management and Medical Information, Health Management and Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaheh","family":"Mazaheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Library and Information Sciences, Health Information Technology Research Center, Student Research Committee, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Jabbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Management and Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E15","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200490","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A perspective from China","volume":"296","author":"Zu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"R2-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.02.014","article-title":"A novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak: A call for action","volume":"157","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"R4-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/JCMA.0000000000000270","article-title":"The outbreak of COVID-19: An overview","volume":"83","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Chin Med Assoc"},{"key":"R5-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30374-3","article-title":"COVID-19: What is next for public health?","volume":"395","author":"Heymann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"R6-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.02.021","article-title":"2019-novel coronavirus outbreak: A new challenge","volume":"21","author":"Lupia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"R7-20250812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16426","article-title":"COVID-19 presents high risk to older persons","volume":"68","author":"Applegate","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"R8-20250812","article-title":"COVID-19 National Incident Room Surveillance Team. 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