{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:10:50Z","timestamp":1788887450571,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Turmeric is a well-known compound in traditional medicine and its derivatives, such as curcumin, have been used for years to prevent, treat, and improve symptoms of various diseases due to their beneficial properties. Curcumin is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Many studies have investigated the effects of curcumin as a dietary supplement on human health, and positive results have been reported. However, curcumin has low bioavailability, so several new derivatives have been produced to overcome this limitation. Most studies conducted so far have not reported any serious toxic effects from consuming turmeric, curcumin, and its derivatives. However, side effects have been associated with the consumption of these supplements in some human studies. There are also concerns regarding the use of higher doses of curcumin and its long-term use. Our review of the published human studies suggests that consuming turmeric, curcumin, and its derivatives has no major side effects. However, a few adverse effects have been reported in some studies, such as gastrointestinal complications like flatulence, abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea. Side effects are more commonly reported in studies conducted on patients. Due to the specific physical conditions of patients and drug treatments, it is better to consult a health expert before consuming turmeric or curcumin. According to studies, it appears that consuming 6000 mg\/day of curcumin is safe in the short term. However, further studies, especially on forms of curcumin with improved bioavailability, are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.ijpvm_7_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T09:00:15Z","timestamp":1788253215000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["What Do We Know about The Potential Toxicity of Turmeric and Curcumin Derivatives"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Nemati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmant of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reyhaneh","family":"Rabiee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmant of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faezeh","family":"Ghanbari-Gohari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negar","family":"Mosayeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Almasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Zeydi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omid","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Milajerdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00110a018","article-title":"Isolation, purification, and characterization of insect repellents from Curcuma longa 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