{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:27:13Z","timestamp":1786728433049,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Around 50\u201360% of the smokeless tobacco users either place the quid or chew from one side of the oral cavity leading to localized destruction of the periodontium on chronic usage. The aim of the present study was to assess the correlation between smokeless tobacco dependence and periodontal status in the affected individuals through the Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco (FTND-ST)\/Fagerstr\u00f6m scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present evaluative study consisted of 103 subjects who gave positive history of smokeless tobacco usage and exhibited poor periodontal health. Again, a comprehensive periodontal examination was carried out including Gingival Index (GI), Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL), while the tobacco\/nicotine dependence in the subjects was assessed using the FTND-ST\/Fagerstr\u00f6m scale, and data obtained subjected to statistical analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The findings of the present study suggested significant correlations among the different parameters studied including age and PPD, age and CAL, gender and GI, gender and OHI-S, GI and OHI-S, GI and PPD, GI and CAL, OHI-S and CAL, and PPD and CAL with several clinical implications of interest, while, also, statistically significant correlations were observed between Fagerstr\u00f6m tobacco\/nicotine dependence and CAL (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value = 0.0130).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings of the present study offer valuable insights into the intricate relationship between tobacco\/nicotine dependence and the changing dynamics of the observed periodontal parameters. However, the initial findings obtained in the present study mandate further multicentric studies to be conducted with larger sample sizes and increased sample diversity to come to valid conclusions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.ijpvm_94_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T16:03:21Z","timestamp":1778774601000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco: Exploring the Intricate Relationship between Smokeless Tobacco Dependence and Periodontal Status"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Vijayalaxmi M.","family":"Kokatnur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, PM Nadagouda Memorial Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tazeen","family":"Dawood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelvin Peter","family":"Pais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Father Muller Medical College and Hospital, Kankanady, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasser Riaz","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Dental Public Health, College of Dentistry, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farahnaz","family":"Muddebihal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reghunathan S.","family":"Preethanath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Suresh Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Division of Periodontology, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Swarnalatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Division of Periodontology, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhishek S.","family":"Nayyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saraswati Dhanwantari Dental College and Hospital and Post-Graduate Research Institute, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20260514","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110100919","article-title":"Toxicity of gutkha, a smokeless tobacco product gone global:Is there more to the toxicity than 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