{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:33:33Z","timestamp":1787762013192,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) affects the immune system of the body, causing a breakdown in its normal defenses and leaving it vulnerable to a host of life-threatening diseases. High-risk behaviors and routes of transmission for sexually transmitted infections such as syphilis, hepatitis B and hepatitis C are identical with HIV. This study was conducted to assess the proportion of syphilis and hepatitis B and C virus infections in HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals, and their association with socioeconomic and other factors in Integrated Counselling and Testing Centre (ICTC) attendees, and to determine the association of absolute CD4+ T-lymphocyte count with these co-infections in HIV-positive individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology of a tertiary care hospital. It included 100 HIV-positive individuals and 100 matched HIV-negative controls attending the ICTC. HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy and patients with history of current\/past treatment for chronic hepatitis infection were excluded from the study. Blood samples were tested for HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B and C infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of syphilis, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C was observed in 3.5%, 2%, and 10% of patients, respectively. The frequency of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals was 1% and 3%, respectively. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients was 16% and 4%, respectively. Syphilis was seen in 7% of the HIV-infected patients. The mean CD4+ count for the HIV-positive patients with either syphilis, HBV, or HCV infections was 252 \u00b1 137.5 cells\/\u03bcl. Significant associations between HIV infection and education below high school, IV drug abuse, and multiple sexual partners were observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The HIV-infected patients were observed to be at an increased risk of acquiring syphilis and HCV co-infections through the shared routes of transmission. Routine screening of these patients for concurrent syphilis and viral hepatitis may aid in prompt diagnosis and treatment with improved outcomes, which in turn may decrease the further spread of these infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijstd.ijstd_113_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T03:01:40Z","timestamp":1685934100000},"page":"35-39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Proportion of syphilis and hepatitis B and C virus infections among the Integrated Counselling and Testing Centre attendees of a tertiary care hospital"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Sunidhi","family":"Shreya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Chawla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Anuradha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mongjam Meghachandra","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikas","family":"Manchanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonal","family":"Saxena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-8-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/S0255-0857(21)01886-7","article-title":"HBV, HCV and syphilis co-infections in human immunodeficiency virus positive Bangladeshi patients: Observation at two reference laboratories","volume":"26","author":"Munshi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R2-8-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70093-1","article-title":"Effect of treating co-infections on HIV-1 viral load: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Modjarrad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R3-8-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31802ea4c6","article-title":"Impact of syphilis infection on HIV viral load and CD4 cell counts in HIV-infected patients","volume":"44","author":"Palacios","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R4-8-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200410210-00012","article-title":"Syphilis increases HIV viral load and decreases CD4 cell counts in HIV-infected patients with new syphilis infections","volume":"18","author":"Buchacz","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R5-8-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.04.011","article-title":"Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus co-infection among people living with HIV\/AIDS visiting antiretroviral therapy Centres in Nepal: A first nationally representative study","volume":"60","author":"Ionita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R6-8-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.06.013","article-title":"Hepatitis B\/C and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: An association between highly prevalent infectious diseases. 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