{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:23:02Z","timestamp":1787764982295,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genital ulcer disease (GUD) often creates diagnostic difficulty in developing countries like India, with limited resources available in the health-care system. The changing etiology in GUDs over the years makes it imperative that a correct diagnosis is made to establish appropriate treatment and formulate awareness programs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was done to determine the recent trends in the demographic parameters, clinical presentations, etiology of GUDs, and their association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An observational cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2021 to August 2022 at the Dermatology Outpatient Department in our hospital. All the patients who presented with GUDs were included after written informed consent. The diagnosis of GUD was confirmed by thorough clinical examination and appropriate laboratory test. Data were entered and analyzed using IBM SPSS software.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Out of 135 cases of GUDs, the majority were males (79%). The most common age group was 21\u201330 years, with a mean age of 35.23 \u00b1 14.98 years. Most of the patients were heterosexual (90%). Multiple sexual partners were found in 40% of cases. Herpes genitalis was the most common GUD (59%), followed by syphilis (15%). HIV infection was found in 6.6% of cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study represents the increasing burden of viral GUDs compared to the last three decades. The ulcerative sexually transmitted infection facilitates the transmission of HIV. In this HIV era, there is a need for increased efforts toward acknowledgment, safe sexual practices, periodic screening, and sexual health awareness programs in the high-risk population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijstd.ijstd_125_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T03:50:57Z","timestamp":1701748257000},"page":"121-127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Trends in genital ulcer disease"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Zalak R.","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaishali S.","family":"Makwana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sejal G.","family":"Bhadja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiral J.","family":"Tundiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aniruddha P.","family":"Vyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-3-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7184.132434","article-title":"A clinico-epidemiological study of ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases with human immunodeficiency virus status","volume":"35","author":"Mehta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS"},{"key":"R2-3-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.2.601-605.2001","article-title":"Diagnosing genital ulcer disease in a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases in Amsterdam, the Netherlands","volume":"39","author":"Bruisten","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R5-3-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200110000-00005","article-title":"A systematic review of the epidemiologic interactions between classic sexually transmitted diseases and HIV: How much really is known?","volume":"28","author":"R\u00f8ttingen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R6-3-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1086\/514751","article-title":"Genital ulcers: Etiology, clinical diagnosis, and associated human immunodeficiency virus infection in Kingston, Jamaica","volume":"28","author":"Behets","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R8-3-20240831","first-page":"3509","article-title":"Lymphogranuloma venereum","volume":"3","author":"Rangappa","year":"2022","journal-title":"IADVL Textbook of Dermatology"},{"key":"R10-3-20240831","first-page":"310","article-title":"Changing patterns of sexually transmitted infections in India","volume":"17","author":"Sharma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"key":"R11-3-20240831","first-page":"447","article-title":"Genital herpes and human immunodeficiency virus: Double trouble","volume":"82","author":"Celum","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"R12-3-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.66590","article-title":"Clinical and demographic trends in a sexually transmitted infection clinic in Mumbai (1994-2006): An epidemiologic analysis","volume":"76","author":"Setia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"R13-3-20240831","first-page":"203636","article-title":"Genital ulcer disease: How worrisome is it today? A status report from New Delhi, India","volume":"2013","author":"Muralidhar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R14-3-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4103\/ijstd.IJSTD_82_16","article-title":"A retrospective study of the pattern of sexually transmitted infections from a tertiary care hospital of Rajasthan","volume":"38","author":"Nyati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS"},{"key":"R15-3-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.16784","article-title":"A retrospective study of the pattern of sexually transmitted diseases during a ten-year period","volume":"71","author":"Narayanan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"R16-3-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181bf5a98","article-title":"Etiology of genital ulcer disease. A prospective study of 278 cases seen in an STD clinic in Paris","volume":"37","author":"Hope-Rapp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R17-3-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7184.132426","article-title":"A study of 113 cases of genital ulcerative disease and urethral discharge syndrome with validation of syndromic management of sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"35","author":"Bhavsar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS"},{"key":"R18-3-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.158646","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological profile of sexually transmitted infections in a tertiary care centre in Kerala: A 1-year observational study","volume":"81","author":"Jayasree","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"R19-3-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3182663e22","article-title":"Genital ulcer disease in India: Etiologies and performance of current syndrome guidelines","volume":"39","author":"Prabhakar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R20-3-20240831","first-page":"1712","article-title":"Changing trends in genital ulcer of patients attending sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic in a tertiary care Centre of North Eastern India- a retrospective study of 10 years","volume":"8","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Comtemp Med Res"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijstd.ijstd_125_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:52:46Z","timestamp":1787763166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijstd.ijstd_125_22"}},"subtitle":["An observational study at a tertiary care teaching hospital"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijstd.ijstd_125_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-0557"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-0557","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}}}