{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:00:50Z","timestamp":1787169650756,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common opportunistic infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. The risk of eventually developing active TB from latent TB infection (LTBI) is about 10% per year in HIV-positive patients in contrast to 10% lifetime risk in HIV-negative patients. Until recently, the tuberculin skin test (TST) was the only tool available for diagnosing LTBI. Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) were recently developed and address many of the limitations of TST test, especially in immunocompromised state.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims and Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>(1) To determine the prevalence of latent, active pulmonary, and multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB among HIV-positive patients in and around Aligarh region; (2) sensitivity and specificity of TST and IGRAs for diagnosis of LTBI in HIV positive patients; and (3) to assess drug resistance and mutational patterns of the clinical isolates of MDR-TB in HIV-TB co-infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was done on all the patients attended the ICTC centre, JNMC, AMU Aligarh, seropositive for HIV, i.e. 469 (sample size) for the study period of 2 years from October 2015 to October 2017. All 469 HIV-positive patients were screened for latent and active pulmonary TB. Diagnosis of TB (active and latent) was made using clinical, radiological, and microbiological tests. TST and IGRA testing along with CD4 cell counts were also determined. Line probe assay was also done to assess drug resistance and mutational patterns of MDR-TB in HIV patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In our study, prevalence of HIV infection was 5.04%. Sixty-seven (14.28%) patients were as active TB (HIV-TB co-infection), out of which only one patient (1.49%) was confirmed as MDR-TB, 117 (24.94%) were diagnosed as LTBI. It was also evaluated that IGRA has more sensitivity (75%) and specificity (76%) than TST with sensitivity of 71.7% and specificity 66%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As there is no gold standard test for latent TB, longitudinal follow-up is needed to interpret discordant test results. There is a need to interpret negative QFT results with caution and to test for latent TB at higher CD4 counts, if possible. Interferon gamma assays can become better tool for diagnosis of especially for latent TB. However, more research study required for establish their relevance, especially in immunocompromised states.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijstd.ijstd_16_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T10:41:26Z","timestamp":1634726486000},"page":"111-117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluation of role of interferon gamma release assays in the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Rajender","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazish","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indu","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Shameem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-4-20240831","first-page":"S115","article-title":"Tuberculosis and HIV: Current status in Africa","volume":"11","author":"Raviglione","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R2-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200909-1355OC","article-title":"Revisiting rates of reactivation tuberculosis: A population-based approach","volume":"182","author":"Horsburgh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R3-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198903023200901","article-title":"A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"320","author":"Selwyn","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R4-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000225729.79610.b7","article-title":"CD4 decline and incidence of opportunistic infections in Cape Town, South Africa: Implications for prophylaxis and treatment","volume":"42","author":"Holmes","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R5-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833a2507","article-title":"Tuberculosis risk factors and mortality for HIV-infected persons receiving antiretroviral therapy in South Africa","volume":"24","author":"Komati","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R6-4-20240831","first-page":"847","article-title":"How much isoniazid is needed for prevention of tuberculosis among immunocompetent adults.?","volume":"3","author":"Comstock","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"R7-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328327964f","article-title":"Isoniazid preventive therapy, HAART and tuberculosis risk in HIV-infected adults in South Africa: A prospective cohort","volume":"23","author":"Golub","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R8-4-20240831","first-page":"CD001363","article-title":"Isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in non-HIV infected persons","volume":"1999","author":"Smieja","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"R9-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp021045","article-title":"Clinical practice. Latent tuberculosis infection","volume":"347","author":"Jasmer","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R10-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)01206-X","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 assays in the immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis: A systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Pai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R11-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0667-0","article-title":"HIV patients with latent tuberculosis living in a low-endemic country do not develop active disease during a 2 year follow-up; A Norwegian prospective multicenter study","volume":"14","author":"Pullar","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"R13-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.14260\/jemds\/2015\/130","article-title":"Study of clinical, microbiological and radiological correlation of TB: HIV co-infection","volume":"4","author":"Rao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Evol Med Dent Sci"},{"key":"R14-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110461","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110461","article-title":"Alarming levels of drug-resistant tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in metropolitan Mumbai, India","volume":"9","author":"Isaakidis","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R15-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9619","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501615102","article-title":"The impact of HIV\/AIDS on the control of tuberculosis in India","volume":"102","author":"Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R16-4-20240831","first-page":"377","article-title":"Drug resistance in tuberculosis in India","volume":"120","author":"Paramasivan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R17-4-20240831","first-page":"237","article-title":"Prevalence of acquired MDR-TB and HIV co-infection","volume":"44","author":"Deivanayagam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci"},{"key":"R18-4-20240831","first-page":"896","article-title":"Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in patients with HIV and tuberculosis in South India","volume":"9","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"R19-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53330","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053330","article-title":"Interferon gamma release assays for the diagnosis of latent TB infection in HIV-infected individuals in a low TB burden country","volume":"8","author":"Cheallaigh","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R20-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-15","article-title":"Poor concordance between interferon-gamma release assays and tuberculin skin tests in diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection among HIV-infected individuals","volume":"9","author":"Talati","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"R21-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1441","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001441","article-title":"Sensitivity of IFN-gamma release assay to detect latent tuberculosis infection is retained in HIV-infected patients but dependent on HIV\/AIDS progression","volume":"3","author":"Karam","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R22-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/1753465813503028","article-title":"Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection","volume":"7","author":"Parekh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ther Adv Respir Dis"},{"key":"R23-4-20240831","first-page":"1352","article-title":"Preventive chemotherapy. Where has it got us? Where to go next?","volume":"12","author":"Landry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"R24-4-20240831","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recent studies in the epidemiology of tuberculosis, based on the risk of being infected with tubercle bacilli","volume":"19","author":"Sutherland","year":"1976","journal-title":"Adv Tuberc Res"},{"key":"R25-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-3-200808050-00241","article-title":"Systematic review: T-cell-based assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: An update","volume":"149","author":"Pai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R26-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200402-179OC","article-title":"Specific detection of tuberculosis infection: An interferon-\u03b3\u2013based assay using new antigens","volume":"170","author":"Mori","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R27-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.22.2756","article-title":"Discrepancy between the tuberculin skin test and the whole-blood interferon gamma assay for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in an intermediate tuberculosis-burden country","volume":"293","author":"Kang","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R28-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1086\/509327","article-title":"Clinical reevaluation of the QuantiFERON TB-2G test as a diagnostic method for differentiating active tuberculosis from nontuberculous mycobacteriosis","volume":"43","author":"Kobashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R29-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200211220-00008","article-title":"Rapid detection of active and latent tuberculosis infection in HIV-positive individuals by enumeration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific T cells","volume":"16","author":"Chapman","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R30-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5217","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.9.5217","article-title":"Direct ex vivo analysis of antigen-specific IFN-\u03b3-secreting CD4 T cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected individuals: Associations with clinical disease state and effect of treatment","volume":"167","author":"Pathan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R31-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.6.2379-2387.2004","article-title":"Specific T-cell epitopes for immunoassay-based diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"42","author":"Brock","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R32-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e32832a0adc","article-title":"T-cell interferon-\u03b3 release assays for the rapid immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis: Clinical utility in high-burden vs. low-burden settings","volume":"15","author":"Dheda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulmon Med"},{"key":"R33-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200610-1439OC","article-title":"Effect of HIV-1 infection on T-cell\u2013based and skin test detection of tuberculosis infection","volume":"175","author":"Rangaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R34-4-20240831","first-page":"1190","article-title":"Utility of quantiFERON-TB gold in-tube testing for latent TB infection in HIV-infected individuals","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"R35-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200305020-00027","article-title":"Detection of latent tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"17","author":"Fisk","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R36-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200608-1088OC","article-title":"Comparison of an interferon-gamma release assay with tuberculin skin testing in HIV-infected individuals","volume":"175","author":"Luetkemeyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R37-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5718","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005718","article-title":"Role of interferon gamma release assay in active TB diagnosis among HIV infected individuals","volume":"4","author":"Kabeer","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"R38-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.03.005","article-title":"A comparative study of two different methods for the detection of latent tuberculosis in HIV-positive individuals in Chile","volume":"12","author":"Balcells","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R39-4-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2489","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002489","article-title":"The effects of HIV on the sensitivity of a whole blood IFN-gamma release assay in Zambian adults with active tuberculosis","volume":"3","author":"Raby","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijstd.IJSTD_16_20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:09:21Z","timestamp":1787166561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijstd.IJSTD_16_20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijstd.ijstd_16_20","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-0557"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-0557","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}}}